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12.01.2021The fastest military jet aircraft was the SR Blackbird at Mach 3. Most people use the term 'jet aircraft' to denote gas turbine based airbreathing jet engines , but rockets and scramjets are both also propelled by jet propulsion.
Cruise missiles are single-use unmanned jet aircraft, powered predominately by ramjets or turbojets or sometimes turbofans, but they will often have a rocket propulsion system for initial propulsion. The fastest airbreathing jet aircraft is the unmanned X scramjet at around Mach 9— The fastest manned rocket aircraft is the X at Mach 6.
The Space Shuttle , while far faster than the X or X, was not regarded as an aircraft during ascent as it was carried ballistically by rocket thrust, rather than the air. During re-entry it was classed like a glider as an unpowered aircraft. The first flight was in The Bell , Lockheed XH , and Sikorsky S are examples of compound helicopter designs where jet exhaust added to forward thrust.
Jet-powered wingsuits exist - powered by model aircraft jet engines - but of short duration and needing to be launched at height. Because of the way they work, the typical exhaust speed of jet engines is transonic or faster, therefore most jet aircraft need to fly at high speeds, either supersonic or speeds just below the speed of sound " transonic " so as to achieve efficient flight.
Aerodynamics is therefore an important consideration. Jet aircraft are usually designed using the Whitcomb area rule , which says that the total area of cross-section of the aircraft at any point along the aircraft from the nose must be approximately the same as that of a Sears-Haack body.
A shape with that property minimises the production of shockwaves which would waste energy. Rockets are the oldest type and are mainly used when extremely high speeds or extremely high altitudes are needed.
Due to the extreme, typically hypersonic , exhaust velocity and the necessity of oxidiser being carried on board, they consume propellant extremely quickly. For this reason, they are not practical for routine transportation. Turbojets are the second oldest type; it has a high, usually supersonic, exhaust speed and low frontal cross-section, and so is best suited to high-speed, usually supersonic, flight.
Although once widely used, they are relatively inefficient compared to turboprop and turbofans for subsonic flight. The last major aircraft to use turbojets were Concorde and Tu supersonic transports. Low bypass turbofans have a lower exhaust speed than turbojets and are mostly used for high sonic, transonic, and low supersonic speeds.
High bypass turbofans are used for subsonic aircraft and are quite efficient and are widely used for airliners. One difference is that jet engines respond relatively slowly. This complicates takeoff and landing maneuvers. In particular, during takeoff, propeller aircraft engines blow air over their wings and that gives more lift and a shorter takeoff. It can also be stated as the proportion of the mechanical energy actually used to propel the aircraft.
In addition, propulsive efficiency is greatly dependent on air density and airspeed. The cycle efficiency, in percent, is the proportion of energy that can be derived from the energy source that is converted to mechanical energy by the engine.
For jet aircraft the propulsive efficiency essentially energy efficiency is highest when the engine emits an exhaust jet at a speed that is the same as, or nearly the same as, the vehicle velocity. The exact formula for air-breathing engines as given in the literature, [17] [18] is. For a long range jet operating in the stratosphere , the speed of sound is constant, hence flying at fixed angle of attack and constant Mach number causes the aircraft to climb, without changing the value of the local speed of sound.
In this case:. The range equation can be shown to be:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the Rumania Montevideo album, see Jet Plane. Aircraft class powered by jet propulsion engines. Main article: Jet engine. Main article: Propulsive efficiency.
Main article: Range aircraft. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 6 May Retrieved: 26 September Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, ISBN IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 30 January Retrieved 1 August Archived from the original on 2 January Honicke, R. Fairey Firefly II. FMA I. Heavy fighter [note 2]. Fiat CR. Fiat G. Focke-Wulf Fw Focke-Wulf Ta Fokker D.
Fokker E. Fokker M. Friedrichshafen FF. Galvin HC. Geest Fighter. General Dynamics F Fighting Falcon. General Dynamics FXL. Germania DB. Germania JM. Gourdou-Leseurre Type A. Gourdou-Leseurre GL. Grigorovich IP Grumman XF5F Skyrocket. Gudkov GU Hansa-Brandenburg KF. Hansa-Brandenburg L. Hansa-Brandenburg W. Hawker Fury monoplane. Hawker Hart Fighter. Kasyanenko KPI Kawanishi N1K Kyofu. Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden. Lavochkin La Levy-Biche LB. Liuchow Kwangsi Type 3.
Lloyd Lockheed P Lightning. Lockheed XP Chain Lightning. Lockheed P Shooting Star. Lockheed F Starfighter. Lockheed Martin F Raptor. Lohner Loire-Nieuport LN. Loring C Jet Plane Name List View LVG D Manfred Weiss WM Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M. Mark D. McDonnell XF Goblin. McDonnell F Voodoo. McDonnell Douglas F Eagle.
Messerschmitt Me Mikoyan-Gurevich I Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG Mikoyan-Gurevich SM Miles Master Fighter. Carrier fighter [2]. Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin. Two-seat shipboard fighter [2]. Mitsubishi Ki Morane-Saulnier AN series. Morane-Saulnier M. Mosca-Bystritsky MBbis. Nakajima Army Type 91 Fighter. Nakajima Ki Hayabusa. Nakajima Ki Shoki. Heavy escort fighter [note 5]. Nakajima Ki Hayate. Nakajima NAF Two-seat Carrier fighter [2].
Nieuport-Delage NiD Nieuport Nie 31RH. North American P Mustang. North American FJ-1 Fury. North American FJ-4 Fury. North American F Super Sabre. Northrop XP Black Bullet. Northrop P Black Widow. Northrop F Scorpion. Northrop F Tigershark. Pemberton-Billing P. Pemberton-Billing Nighthawk. Pfalz D.
Monoplane [note 13]. Polikarpov Ibis. Polikarpov I Port Victoria P. Reggiane Re. Renard R. Republic P Thunderbolt. Republic F Thunderjet. Republic XF Thunderceptor. Republic F Thunderchief. Rex D Royal Aircraft Factory B. Royal Aircraft Factory F. Royal Aircraft Factory N. Royal Aircraft Factory S. Savoia-Marchetti SM.
Siemens-Schuckert D. Siemens-Schuckert DDr. Siemens-Schuckert E. Sopwith 3F. Sopwith Hispano-Suiza Triplane. Sopwith Schneider. Two-seat night fighter [17]. Cannon armament [note 15]. SPAD S. Shipboard fighter [21]. Sturtevant B. Sukhoi Su-7 Sukhoi Su
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