Through Dovetail Joint. Wood joinery, as the term implies, refers to joining pieces of timber or lumber to create other structures. Softwood This is usually obtained from pine, fir, spruce or larch. There are various woodworking wood joinery terms in use. Rabbet can add strength to these types jinery assemblies. The first is to counterbore the pocket hole itself, which takes the screw head contained by the piece. Otherwise wood joinery terms is 'proud' and the other 'shy'.

Click above to go to a page with more information and fitting tips. A leading edge is most commonly found on doors. By planing the lock edge of the door at a slight angle more off the side that closes first you can achieve a tighter margin between the door and frame when in the closed position.

A leading edge may also refer to cutting a slight angle on a piece of timber that is tight to install so you can start it off in a gap before beating it in a little. Big business in the UK at the moment because many people are improving their homes instead of moving. Converting the attic into habitable space involves major structural alterations. Go to the loft conversion section for more information.

Stands for medium density fiberboard. Its a really versatile man made material and is available in a sheet form which is ideal for shelves, window boards and pipe boxings as well as pre-primed moldings such as skirting boards and architraves. A miter box is a device used to guide a hand saw at 45 degrees. A timber molding is a strip of material such as softwood or mdf with a decorative profile cut on the face edges.

Decorative moldings are most commonly used for fine finish and trim carpentry work see also finish carpentry. A normally square hole cut to allow a tenon to pass through and form a strong join between two pieces of timber.

They are also installed in the walls at places where something will need to be securely fixed later on like radiators, kitchen units or a toilet cistern for example. You can see noggins in the diagram on the internal wall framing page.

Otherwise known as chipboard is made of lots of bits glued and compressed together. Available as a sheet material like flooring and also covered with Formica and used for worktops. A type of screw head with a X shaped groove in the head. Special screwdriver bits are used to wind them in, not to be confused with Pozi shaped bits which are similar. A pilot bit is a drill bit used to bore a hole slightly smaller than the screw to allow it to pass through the material easier and without splitting.

Means the angle of rise in degrees from the horizontal, used for staircase and roof construction. The pitch line of a staircase is the point from which the handrail must be at least mm above in the UK. This is obtained by laying a spirit level or straight edge onto the nosings of the treads. Plumb is the term used to describe something that is perfectly vertical. A 'plumb bob' is an old fashioned heavy tool on a piece of string used to determine plumb.

Is a router that has telescopic style legs that allow the cutter to be pushed down into the work-piece to start cutting inside from the edge of a material. A pocket hole is drilled at an angle to allow a butt joint to be screwed together. Can be used to fix two pieces together flush, at angles, end to end, curved and many more.

Extremely useful type of fixing. One of the best selling tools is a carpentry portfolio. With copies of qualifications and insurance certificates, photographs of previous work, testimonials and more. Go to the carpentry portfolio page for more information. A quarter round or quadrant molding is a cover strip the shape of a quarter of a circle that comes in long lengths.

It is used as a decorative bead and to cover gaps or areas where plasterboard meets timber and would crack without a cover strip. You can also use a router and round-over bit to put a quarter round molding onto timber. Is a circular saw mounted on a horizontally sliding arm. It was the most popular saw for cutting timber to length before the miter saw. A horizontal component fitted on doors for example where it acts as a brace to add strength and stability.

Rafters are roof members cut to make up the structure of the roof. Click above for more information, pictures and tips for setting out and cutting roof rafters. Is a long, flat or curved steel tool like a file but rougher. Used for removing wood on curved surfaces. Cutting parallel to the grain of timber is referred to as a rip cut or 'ripping'.

The opposite of crosscut. Table saws are rip Japanese Wood Joinery Tools Llc saws. The term rise is used during staircase and roofing construction and refers to the overall vertical height the staircase or roof rafter must travel. Or, the total rise of a staircase when divided by the number of 'risers' will give the rise dimension of each step on the staircase.

When taking measurements to build a staircase I also refer to the rise as the floor to floor measurement. Boards that are sawn to size and edged but not planed smooth. A router is a fast and extremely versatile cutting tool with a high speed motor.

Is a wooden trestle often used in pairs to support the work-piece whilst working on it. Carpentry apprentices often make these at college during their apprenticeships. Refers to the amount of time it takes for timber to dry. Timber is air dried, and every inch of thickness typically takes one year to dry. One season equals one year.

Unseen material used in furniture is often made up of 'secondary wood'. Sides of drawers, are one example. When teeth on a cutting blade have been 'set' it means they are off-set alternatively on either side of the blade. They do this in order to create a cut that is wider than the blade is thick.

This prevents kickback, when the timber pinches the blade during cutting. Resin flakes that have been dissolved in alcohol and are then used as a decorative and protective coating for fine finishing timber.

Is a term used when two adjoining timbers are not flush with each other, one being below the other. The opposite of proud. Or toe nailing, skew nailing is the method of fixing timber together at an angle when you cant fix through the back. Also known as baseboards, skirting boards are the decorative moldings fitted during finish carpentry at the bottom of walls.

To snipe a work-piece is to gouge the trailing end of the material when running it out of a joiner, prevented by supporting the work-piece level as it exits the machine.

Timber sourced from typically evergreen conifer trees. Softwood doesn't refer to the hardness of the timber, some softwoods are harder than hardwoods. Relatively low cost drill bits for cutting small to medium size holes. Available with either a point or threaded centre guide. When drilling thin materials with them put a scrap piece of timber behind the work-piece. Works like a hand plane but is used to form and smooth curved surfaces as opposed to flat. The tools body is in the shape of two handles and the blade is fastened in between.

Spoke shave blades are available shaped concave, convex or straight. Other uses include setting out roof rafters and staircases.

There are several different types of carpenter square available click the link above for more information.

A t-slot is a shape housed or machined out of the underside of two pieces that are to be joined together. Special dog bone shaped clamps are then used to hold the joint tightly together. Most common use is in worktops. A circular rip saw blade that is mounted under a table.

The height the blade protrudes and the angle are usually adjustable. Great for ripping sheet materials etc. An essential on site measuring tool for carpenters. For tips on how to read one go to the tape measure page. Easiest way to cut them is on a table saw using a special jig. Tear-out of the timber fibres is caused when crosscutting timber. Avoided by scoring with a sharp Stanley knife first. Also avoided by using the saw to cut into the face first and out the back of the work-piece.

A template is either a preformed shape laid onto timber several times when making repeat cuts or a power tool guide. Common uses are as guides for plunge routers. A mortice and tenon consist of a hole in one piece of timber mortice and a tenon that fits into the hole to form a strong joint. Commonly used in staircases, windows doors and other joinery. A large planing machine used to reduce the thickness, clean up the surface of and square up timber.

Is a method for joining two pieces of timber. Tongue and groove flooring for example has a protruding tongue that is glued and slotted into the groove of the next piece. Also used for wainscoting. Screws are available with torx heads, and they are driven with special star shaped screwdriver bits. To 'undercut' timber is to cut more out of the back or side where it won't be seen.

Like a leading edge, you would undercut a piece of timber to allow it to go back further or to tighten a miter or scribe for example. As long as it won't be seen from the face or will get covered by something else. A liquid used to finish timber. It is a hard protective film often transparent but is also available with different coloured effects. A thin layer of wood is glued to another. Expensive timber can be replicated cheaply by using cheap timber with a thin expensive veneer.

The wall plates are the timbers fixed round the perimeter of a building or structure that the joists and roof rafters are fixed to.

Table saws have a gap round the blade to allow the angle of cut to be adjusted without cutting the table. A blank insert called a zero tolerance insert closes up this gap so that the workpiece is supported all the way up to the blade, allowing neater cuts. What's New? Recent Articles:. Top 10 Basic Carpentry Skills every newbie should master. How to hang a door perfectly. Common Carpentry Terms you may come across on the building site and what they mean What does 'plumb' mean?

What is a 'router'!? PVA, gripfill, contact adhesive for example Air Dried Timber that has been stacked and dried naturally by exposure to air. Allen key A hexagon and L shaped key, available in metric or imperial sizes.

Arbor The spindle or shaft on a machine that turns blades or other cutting wheels. Architrave Architraves are the decorative moulding installed around door frames to cover where the lining meets the wall. Architrave Corner Block Architrave blocks are decorative mouldings that can be installed in place of a mitred corner when installing architraves.

Awl, also known as Brad Awl Pointed instrument with a handle useful for starting nails or screws or positions when setting out a project. Carpentry Terms beginning with B Barge boards Barge boards are those attached to the outer common rafters on a gable roof. Bench Dog Pegs which are placed into holes in the workbench that work with the vise to hold wide material firmly in place.

Biscuit Jointer Tool with a cutter that protrudes from the face when pushed up against timber and cuts a small oval slot. Bisect an angle Quite often during finishing or trim carpentry and when fitting fascias for example angles need to 'bisected', or halved. Block plane A small plane designed primarily for cutting across end grain, but useful for many other applications see also hand plane.

Bow Timber that bends out of shape along its length has a 'bow' or is bowed. Brace and Bit A hand drill with a cranked shape handle with a flat knob on the end, special auger bits with a square tapered shank fit into a two jaw chuck. Butt Joint An end to end joint between two pieces of timber. Carcassing Framing carpentry or first fix carpentry is also known as 'carcassing' work.

Carpenter's Pencils Much wider than a normal pencil and rectangular in shape. Click above for more info. Chuck Drill The chuck will hold a drill bit or router cutter that will be spinning in the tool. Circular Saw Is a portable handheld powered saw great for everything from cutting intricate cabinetry work, ripping down timber, cross cutting and even cutting a whole roof! Collar Beams A collar beam is a type of roof timber that is used to stop the rafters from spreading.

Collet Another type of chuck that Routers use. Combination Square A combination square is a hand tool used for setting out and marking the work-piece. Compass An adjustable setting out tool used for drawing circles and Scribing timber to irregular surfaces. Compound Miter A common place to find a compound angle or cut is a jack or creeper rafter that is used for a hip roof. Countersink bit A drill bit that bores a pointed hole allowing a screw head to sit flush inside the face of the material, or below the surface so it can be plugged with filler or a wooden pellet and decorated over.

Cross Cut A cut which runs across the grain of the timber. Cupping Happens when the edges of the board bend with the grain, away from the center to form a concave shape. Carpentry Terms beginning with D Dado rail Decorative molding found mainly in period style buildings. Dovetail Joint A right angle joint where the fingers are shaped like a doves tail. Dowel A straight round wooden peg used to align and hold timber together in a mortice and tenon joint, 'drawer dowels'.

Dowel Center Metal punch that goes into the pre-drilled dowel hole to mark where to drill the second piece. Carpentry Terms beginning with E Epoxy Glue or resin A really strong glue often consisting of two parts that glues practically anything! Estimating Calculating how much materials are required, cost and pricing up work is called estimating.

Carpentry Terms beginning with F Face Surface of finished timber that will be most visible, you tend to work and set out measurements from the face. Fascia and soffit Fascia and soffit boards are those attached to the bottom of the roof structure to form the eaves and to fix the gutters too. Fence Adjustable straight guide used on table saw or router table for example to push the material against in order to maintain a parallel cut to the blade or cutter.

Filler Substance used to fill nail holes or irregularities in the surface of material before applying a finishing coat. Finger Joint Tapered square fingers used to join material length ways, often used in manufacturing moulding to join short lengths together and minimise waste. Finish carpentry After the framing carpenters and the plasterers have done their bit and the finish or trim carpentry work can start. Floor to floor The floor to floor is another term used to describe the total rise of a staircase.

Flush When two adjoining surfaces are joined perfectly flat to each other they are flush. Framing carpentry Structural carpentry work like timber framed houses, walls, roofing and floor joists for example all fall under framing carpentry.

Fret Saw A saw machine with a very fine blade used for delicate cuts, in thin material. Forstner Bit Type of drill bit that has a center spur and circular rims with cutting teeth that is used to cut clean flat bottomed holes. Carpentry Terms beginning with G Grain The fibres of the wood and their direction are known as the grain. Green Lumber The term 'Green' means fresh, and refers to timber that has not yet sufficiently dried.

Grit If you hear the term 'grit' it could be in relation to either sandpaper or a sharpening oil stone.

Going used with the term 'rise' Term used in staircase and roofing construction. Carpentry Terms beginning with H Hand Plane Hand planes are used for smoothing out and flattening the rough or uneven surface of timber, and reducing the thickness. Hardboard Hardboard is a strong, smooth sided and flexible sheet material also known as high density fibreboard. Hardwood Not necessarily referring to the hardness of the wood itself, hardwoods are not like softwoods which come from conifer trees.

Layers of the fibres are placed in alternating directions — alternately at right angles — until the desired thickness is achieved. This is placed in a thermal press that activates and compresses the loose materials at the same time, causing the wax covered resin to activate and bond.

The panels are trimmed and grade stamped. This is a structural wood product made from softwood veneer that has been sized into long and narrow Joinery Woodworking 2019 strips that are Rockler Woodworking Terms Glossary then glued into parallel laminations.

Woodchips, sawdust, wood residues and so on that are bound or glued together to form a flat board. The ease with which liquids — such as preservatives or flame retardants — can be impregnated into timber. Permeability varies with species, although the sapwood of all species is more permeable than the heartwood.

Permeability ratings relate to the heartwood of the species. Planking is available in various widths and is available with tongue and groove in lengths or as plain square edged planks that simply butt up against one another.

To create plywood, the bark is removed from a log and the bare log is placed on a lathe-type machine that peels off thin layers of wood, usually after the wood has been steamed or soaked in hot water. The sheets of wood are sorted according to the number of knot holes, grain imperfections and so on. The best sheets become the outside — face sheet or veneer sheet — of the plywood.

The piece of timber in a joint that receives the point of a nail or screw. The other section is known as the headside. The treatment of timber with chemicals to improve its resistance to attack by biological organisms, such as fungi, insects and marine borers. A narrow ribbon of cells that conducts and stores food in a tree. Rays run across the grain of timber.

The log is mounted in a large lathe and turned against the blade which peels the veneers in long sheets. Also called peeling or slicing. A warm roof construction where the insulation is located above the roof deck but below the weatherproof membrane. May also refer to composite panel products — known as sandwich panels — where panels are built up from layers of different materials.

Liquid — mostly water — contained within cells in a tree or timber. Sap is the means by which dissolved food and salts are moved around the tree.

The outer area of a tree trunk or log, which in the growing tree contains living cells and reserve materials such as starch. Sapwood is generally lighter in colour than the inner heartwood, although not all species show a clear difference between the two. The sapwood is more vulnerable to attack by biological organisms but is also usually more permeable than the heartwood — this makes it easier to treat with preservatives.

The lowest horizontal member of a stud partition or the lowest horizontal member of a door or window frame. This is usually obtained from pine, fir, spruce or larch. Most structural timber used in the UK is softwood. The botanical classification of trees and timber. The Latin species name defines a timber more accurately than its common name as these are sometimes used for more than one species of timber.

They may also vary between countries. The strength of timber varies with the species and is also affected by characteristics like knots, slope of grain and splits. Each piece of timber used structurally has to be strength graded, either by visual inspection or by machine.

The timber is marked with its grade and other information such as its species, whether the timber was graded wet or dry, the company responsible for the grading and the certification body responsible for overseeing the grading operation. A board that runs from one floor level to another, into which staircase treads and risers are jointed. The one on the open side of a staircase is the outer string, the one against the wall is the wall string.

When assembled side by side the tongue fits into the groove. The trunk of a tree, sometimes also called the bole. After felling, the branches are removed, leaving the trunk — at this stage known as a log.

Thin wafers of wood that look like small pieces of veneer that are bonded together under heat and pressure with glue, resulting in a solid uniform panel that gives strength and water resistance. A horizontal timber member placed along the top of a wall to support joists and to spread their load. The original rounded surface of a log — with or without bark — on any face or edge of sawn timber. Hardboard is produced by reducing wood to fibres, which gives the name fibreboard.

With wet processing, the fibres are suspended in water, then laid out on a mat to dry. This releases the natural resins which bond the fibres together, instead of an artificial bonding agent — although some wet processed boards have additional bonding agents added to give them certain properties. The mesh finish is a result of water draining out of the mesh side after pressing. One exception is hardboard for furniture which has usually been sanded.

The most common examples include plywood, chipboard and various types of fibre building board, including hardboard and MDF. Wood block is flooring made up from small strips or blocks of wood, around three inches wide and nine inches long, arranged in herringbone, basket-weave and other geometric patterns. For a more detailed glossary of terms relating to staircases click here.

To find a local joinery manufacturer click here. Thinking of becoming part of the British Woodworking Federation? Use this quick response form to provide us with some contact details. We will send you an email to confirm your interest and then one of our experienced membership team will be in touch to complete the membership process.

Find a Supplier. Home Choose Wood Glossary of joinery and woodworking terms Battenboard A variation of laminboard with the core formed of strips. Baluster One of a set of posts supporting a stair handrail. Balustrade The protective barrier alongside a staircase or landing. Banister See Balustrade. Batten A narrow strip of wood. Beaded wood A simple round moulding. Also see Moulded wood. Bevel An angle but not a right angle. A sloping or canted surface.

Bole The tree trunk is sometimes also called the bole. Broad-leaved trees Broad-leaved trees produce hardwood timber. Blockboard A variation of laminboard with a core formed of square wood strips glued together. Casing The timber lining of a door opening. Cellular wood panel Similar to blockboard and battenboard panels but the battens and laths form the core and are spaced either parallel or in lattice form. Chamfered The edges have been removed lengthwise at an angle.

Counterbore To cut a hole that allows the head of a bolt or screw to sit flush with or lie below the level of a surface. Countersink To cut a tapered recess that allows the head of a screw to lie flush with a surface.

Cup To bend as a result of shrinkage, specifically across the width of a piece of wood. Dado The lower part of an interior wall, usually defined with a moulded rail. Densification A chemical or physical treatment — layers are bonded together with treatment in excess of that needed to ensure a good bond — to increase hardness and improve mechanical strength or resistance to chemical or electrical agencies. Density The mass per unit volume of a substance, usually expressed in kilograms per cubic metre.

Distortion The change in the shape of a piece of timber or timber-based material brought about by shrinkage as the timber dries. Dovetail A type of joint. Doweling Cylindrical piece or length of wood. Also known as rounded wood. Drip groove A groove cut or moulded in the underside of a door or window sill to prevent rainwater running back to the wall. Dry board See Wet processing. Earlywood The less dense wood formed during the early stage of a growth season. Eaves The edges of a roof that project beyond the walls.

Edge and end spacing Spacings between fasteners and the edges and ends of the components that are being joined. End-jointed See Finger-jointed. Engineered wood Layers of hardwood compressed together. Extruded particle board Particle board made using extrusion. This may have holes running internally from end to end. Face edge In woodworking, the surface planed square to the face side. Face side In woodworking, the flat planed surface from which other dimensions and angles are measured.

Fascia board A strip of wood that covers the ends of rafters and to which external guttering is fixed. Fibreboard Wood chips bonded together by their own adhesive properties — lignin. Finger-jointed Also called end-jointed. Floor board Material for forming the surface of floors. Foliage Leaves. Furring battens Parallel strips of wood fixed to a wall or ceiling to provide a framework for attaching panels.

Glulam Glulam or glued laminated timber is one of a range of structural timber composites. Going The horizontal measurement between the top and bottom risers of a stair or the depth of one stair tread. Grain The general direction of wood fibres or the pattern produced on the surface of timber by cutting through the fibres.

Groove A long narrow channel. Also see Tongued and grooved. Hardboard See Fibreboard. Hardwood Timber produced from broad-leaved trees. Head The top horizontal member of a wooden frame. Head plate The top horizontal member of a stud partition. Heartwood The inner area of a tree trunk or log that — when the tree was growing — had stopped containing living cells and reserve materials, such as starch.

Horns Extended door or window stiles designed to protect the corners from damage while in storage. Impregnation or injection The injection and impregnation of wood are treatments to preserve the wood and give it durability, to make it fire resistant and protect against shrinkage. Interlocking joint Interlocking is a way of jointing timber. Jamb The vertical side member of a door or window frame.

Kerf The groove cut by a saw. Knot The remains of a branch in timber. Laminated veneer lumber LVL LVL is a layered composite of wood veneers and adhesive and can be considered as a veneer based product. Laminated wood Several thin layers of wood and adhesives that are built up to make a single board. Ligneous Of wood or resembling wood, woody.

Lignin The natural adhesive and bonding properties found in the cellular structure of wood and used for bonding together fibreboard and similar products. Marquetry A pattern of inlaid veneers that usually consists of thin pieces of wood or other material — such as base metal, shell or ivory — glued to a wooden backboard for decoration. Microporous Used to describe a type of finish that allows timber to dry out while protecting it from rainwater. Mitre Two pieces forming an angle, or a joint formed between two pieces of wood by cutting bevels of equal angles at the ends of each piece.

Mediumboard See Fibreboard. Mortise A recess or hole, formed in one piece to receive a projection or tenon on the end of another piece. Moulded wood Strips of wood — known as mouldings or beadings — shaped with contours for decoration or ornament.

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