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16.09.2020Historically wood gas generators were often mounted on vehicles , but present studies and developments concentrate mostly on stationary plants. Gasification was an important and common technology during the 19th and early 20th century. Town gas produced from coal was widely used, mainly for lighting purposes.
When stationary internal combustion engines based on the Otto cycle became available in the s, they began displacing steam engines as prime movers in many works requiring stationary motive power. Adoption accelerated after the Otto engine's patent expired in The potential and practical applicability of gasification to internal combustion engines were well understood from the earliest days of their development.
In , Thaddeus S. Lowe developed and patented the water gas process by which large amounts of hydrogen gas could be generated for residential and commercial use in heating and lighting. Unlike the common coal gas, or coke gas which was used in municipal service, this gas provided a more efficient heating fuel.
During the late 19th century internal combustion engines were commonly fueled by town gas, and during the early 20th century many stationary engines switched to using producer gas created from coke which was substantially cheaper than town gas which was based on the distillation pyrolysis of more expensive coal.
During World War II gasoline was rationed and in short supply. Due to the lack of gasoline from petroleum, older people recalled how to build gasifiers for both wood and Wood Gas Stove Plans Pdf Example coal, and how to convert internal combustion engines to run on gaseous fuel, and wood gas generators were in active production.
In Great Britain, France, the United States and Germany, large numbers of such generators were constructed or improvised to convert wood and coal into fuel for vehicles. Commercial generators were in production before and after the war for use in special circumstances or in distressed economies.
Germany produced Gazogene units for vehicles including cars, trucks, artillery tractors and even tanks, to preserve the limited supplies of fuel. Coal-based town gas production was generally displaced by petroleum-based gas and natural gas.
However, Great Britain continued her use of coal-based town gas until the North Sea natural gas discoveries in the s and s. When oil prices rose there was renewed interest in wood gas generators.
This project was an electric power plant with a wood gas generator and a gas engine to convert the wood gas into 2 MW electric power and 4. There was also an experimental device to use the Fischer-Tropsch process to convert wood gas to a diesel-like fuel. By October , it was possible to convert 5 kg wood into 1 litre of fuel. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea North Korea is also known to have trucks that run off of wood gas generators.
The trucks are common outside of Pyongyang and are in rural villages and smaller towns. These trucks are utilized due to sanctions placed on North Korea regarding imports of oil and gas. There is a rich literature on gas-works, town-gas, gas-generation, wood-gas, and producer gas, that is now in the public domain due to its age.
Most successful wood gas generators in use in Europe and the United States are some variation of the earlier Imbert design. Wood gas generators often use wood; however, charcoal can also be used as a fuel. It is denser and produces a cleaner gas without the tarry volatiles and excessive water content of wood. It is designed to be rapidly assembled in a true fuel crisis.
This simplified design has distinct benefits over the earlier European units such as easier refueling and construction but is less popular than the earlier Imbert design because of significant new problems, which include a lack of a fixed oxidization zone and allows the oxidization zone to creep to a larger area, causing a drop in temperature; a lower operating temperature leads to tar production and it lacks a true reduction zone further increasing this design's propensity to produce tar.
Tar in the wood gas stream is considered a dirty gas and tar will gum up a motor quickly, possibly leading to stuck valves and rings. A new design known as the Keith gasifier improves on the FEMA unit, incorporating extensive heat recovery and eliminating the tar problem. The United Nations produced the FOA 72 document [13] with details about their wood gas generator design and construction, as does World Bank technical paper Wood gas generators have a number of advantages over use of petroleum fuels:.
When not carefully designed and used, there exists considerable potential for injury or death due to wood gas containing a large percentage of poisonous carbon monoxide CO gas. Wood gasifiers of proven design and thoroughly tested construction are considered safe to use outdoors, or in a partially enclosed space, for example, under a shelter open to the air on two sides; they may also be considered relatively safe to use in an extremely well ventilated e.
However, prudence must dictate that any sort of experimental wood gasifier design or new construction be thoroughly tested outdoors, and only outdoors, with a "buddy" at all times, and with constant vigilance for any sign of headache, drowsiness, or nausea, as these are the first symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
In addition, mixtures of excessive quantities of air and gas should be avoided as this could lead to the deflagration explosion of the gas in question if a combustion source is present. Long-term storage of wood-gas, except through the use of a gasholder -type water-displacement apparatus, should not be attempted, due to the volatile elements present in the gas, which, if allowed to excessively precipitate, will condense in the storage vessel.
A well documented build is here , videos here. Raymond Rissler's classic design from One of the few gasifier designs that uses sawdust for fuel. Jim Mason's design. He makes the plans freely available, so you can build one straight from the CAD files. Backup power or primary off-grid - whatever your situation, woodgas can make you more independent. The above mentioned designs can be adapted to a smaller setup. We have a subforum dedicated to small engines.
Large generators will be more like automotive applications, with some added automation to keep things running smoothly. Cruising the freeways is a part of the American Dream, but it's much more affordable when you're burning scrap lumber instead of gasoline! The ideal vehicle is a Dodge Dakota with a V8 engine.
Wayne Keith has extensively developed gasifiers for this breed of trucks, and his gasifier design can easily keep pace with freeway traffic, even towing a small trailer for extra wood. A caution about these vehicles. Gasifiers can be designed for any size engine, from a lawnmower all the way to industrial power stations. But vehicles present a challenge - the gasifier must perform well from idle right to full throttle.
This great difference in demand is referred to as the "turndown ratio". A huge gasifier might power a heavy truck at speed, but not produce good gas at an idle. A small gasifier will idle great - but at the top end you will run short of power.
The Keith gasifier is designed to produce a moderate amount of power about 90 HP - plenty to move you down the road in a light truck, and still small enough to idle well. Even with the highest turndown ratio of any gasifier made, we're pushing the limits. Wayne has run a gasified 8L V10 Dodge Ram on his farm for the past two years, with no issues.
Farm work is mostly below 30 MPH. Heavy trailers are no problem at this speed. Plenty of folks want a wood powered truck to haul a 5th wheel or heavy trailer down the interstate.
This may not work out well. Aside from the issue of wood storage in this situation, it's likely to require more power than the current systems can produce.
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