Vietnam is considering the purchase of F fighter jets and refurbished P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft armed with torpedoes, an unnamed U.S. defense industry source told Defense News this week. Hanoi also expressed interest in unarmed U.S. drones for monitoring its territorial waters and the wider South China Sea. The sale would occur under the Department of Defense’s Excess Defense Articles program, which provides used U.S. military equipment to partner nations at a reduced price. Vietnam seeks deals similar to ones the United States gave to Taiwan and Indonesia, according to the the so   There is also still no independent media allowed in Vietnam. Authors. Contributing Author. Vietnam Airlines has floated the idea of buying 50 new planes. Photo: Tom Boon / Simple Flying. Moving forward amid heavy financial losses. Vietnam is one of the fastest-growing aviation markets in the world and boasts some of the world’s busiest domestic airline routes. But this year, Vietnam’s Civil Aviation Authority expects local airlines to lose hundreds of millions of dollars. Vietnam Airlines is forewarning a loss of $ million in In the first quarter of , the airline lost $ million. Duong Tri Thanh thinks it will take up to five years for the aviation business to return. Planes - Vietnam. Collection by Dave Miller.   The Vietnam War Jet Planes Used In Vietnam 10 and America's involvement in it affected the lives of millions for well over a decade, exacting a massive human cost with millions of deaths and countless injuries - both physical and mental - that plague many of those involved to this day. United States Us Military Aircraft.  Cessna Skymaster / This push me, pull you plane was used by FACs and FOs in Vietnam. Pinterest. Today. List of Sukhoi aircraft. The period jef improving the same biplane design jet planes used in vietnam news and over was now coming to an end, and the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire started to supplant the Gloster Gladiator and Hawker Fury biplanes but many biplanes remained in front-line service well past the start of World War II. Airplane technology rapidly increased in sophistication after World War I. The Global Express is the fastest in the series. Business Standard. Leonard, Thomas

With central auditory processing dysfunction, on the other hand, the sound comes through fine. We can manage hearing loss rather effectively with hearing aids," says Guthrie, "but processing the sound—allowing the brain to discriminate—that's something different.

We don't yet have a good way to manage that. Twenty were exposed to 85 decibels of noise for six hours per day, a level considered safe by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Twenty more were exposed to low levels of JP-8 while an identical group received both the noise and the jet fuel. The final twenty served as a control.

After four weeks, none of the rats showed significant levels of hearing loss; however, those exposed to the jet fuel did develop auditory brainstem dysfunctions, particularly those that received combined doses of jet fuel and noise. They pass. We send them on their way and that's not addressing the problem. People with hearing difficulties tend to shy away from communication. That can lead to isolation, depression, and a poor quality of life.

We're missing a lot of people just based on the way we test for hearing deficits. Furthermore, because JP-8 is essentially the same as other hydrocarbon fuels, differing mainly in the chemical percentages, the same risk that aircrews, pilots, and mechanics face may also affect anyone who is consistently around other types of fuels.

This can include, for example, truck drivers, gas station attendants, and potentially even passengers who are frequent flyers on commercial jets. Adds Guthrie: "The next thing we need to look at is treatment. If we know the chemical is affecting the brain, and understand what's going on at the cellular and molecular level, then hopefully we can design treatments to help.

Veterans Crisis Line: Press 1. Talk to the Veterans Crisis Line now. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. Email the Web Team. Talking of extraterrestrial speeds, the Parker Solar probe is considered the fastest spaceship with an expected top speed of approximately Record-holders for speed closer to the ground include the Hennessey Venom F5, the fastest car in the world with a top speed of mph or approximately Mach 0.

The fastest bullet, made by Remington Arms, travels at up to 2,mph or approximately Mach 3. The fastest helicopter, Eurocopter X, can reach mph Mach 0. This modern marvel built by Textron Aviation has a maximum range of It boasts a maximum range of 2,nm or 5,km and a maximum takeoff weight of 36,lbs.

With 12 passengers and two crew-members on board, the jet can travel a maximum range of 5,nm or 11,km and carry a maximum takeoff weight of 70,lbs [6]. The GER has the widest range of all of our fastest private jets — 7,nm [7]. The fifth-fastest private jet in the world can achieve the same speed as the Dassault Falcon 7X. The Bombardier Global is a large-cabin business jet that can fly with 19 passengers and four crew-members on board. Its speed and range are comparable to other fastest jets — its top speed is Mach 0.

Another creation of General Dynamics, the Gulfstream G sits in seventh place with a maximum speed of Mach 0. Two onboard engines make the jet adequately powerful for carrying 19 passengers and two crew-members with a maximum takeoff weight of 9,lbs, while flying a maximum range of 6,nm or 12,km.

The last three entries on the list have comparable features, with the joint eighth- and ninth-placed aircraft built by Dassault Aviation. From the above table, we can see that private jet prices are affected by many factors including speed, range, size, takeoff load, build and manufacturer.

The next section sheds some light on the historical timeline of private jet design, which will help in understanding the development phase of the private jet industry. Although the history of the private jet can be traced back to the s and s, we have focused on the modern era that is characterized by the rapid and dynamic development of structural, electrical and mechanical jet design.

The next section discusses the history of private jet development and the implications of various events on the overall progress of the industry.

Private jets have become popular in recent years as globalization leads to high-level business executives, celebrities and world leaders traveling across the world more and more frequently.

Private jets are undergoing a period of rapid growth to keep up with the increased demand for speed, comfort, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. A rapid surge in military jet technology accelerated the development of early private jets, which strongly resembled military fighter jets.

The Learjet 23 can be considered the first proper private jet, although other versions such as the Lockheed JetStar and the North American Sabreliner Jetstar had flown much earlier. The Learjet 23 redefined the experience of business jet travel, providing speed and efficiency with a design and structure heavily influenced by military jets such as the FFA P proposed Swiss fighter jet [18].

It had a capacity of four onboard passengers and was nimble and easy to maneuver; however, the first prototype crashed beyond repair following an engine failure during a landing simulation [19].

The Falcon 20 had a maximum capacity of 12 passengers, could cruise at speeds of knots and had a maximum range of 1,nm. Originally designed as a business jet, it gained popularity among business travelers but was also used in other sectors such as medical evacuation and rescue services — the U.

Coast Guard operated several units [21] and FedEx used them to ferry cargo to customers across the United States. The next generation of Dassault private jets descended from the success of the Falcon 20, [22] with subsequent models like the Falcon 7X.

In a pivotal moment in the growth of private aviation, competition to conquer the market saw a surge in aircraft design and jet engine development as manufacturers raced to go faster, higher and further — performance parameters that still define the industry today. Demand for more exclusive transport led to the introduction of the Falcon 10, which had a smaller capacity six passengers plus a crew of two , a higher top speed of Following the success of the Falcon 10, the Falcon 50 [24] first flew in , in response to growing demand for an aircraft that could fly coast-to-coast across the vast United States.

The Falcon 50 was the only jet that could repeatedly achieve transoceanic flight while following the strict public transport regulations of the time. The aircraft featured improved wing designs such as supercritical aerofoil and was powered by three engines in tri-jet configuration, which enabled a maximum range of 5,km and a maximum speed of Further improvements to the Falcon 50 were unveiled in with the Falcon 50EX, which boasted a range of 5,km and a maximum speed of Mach 0.

The new generation of Falcon jets featured a wide body and higher cabin ceiling, while the amazing combination of supercritical wings and tri-jet engine enabled them to travel at a higher speed with greater range. Computer-aided design and analysis, carried out using computer software CATIA, helped to create better designs with remarkable development in performance parameters [28].

It also used fly-by-wire technology — a highly responsive digital control system that improves pilot control — for the first time in a business jet. Gulfstream Aerospace separated from Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation to concentrate on developing marketable business aircraft in the late s. The twin-engine aircraft flew at speeds of up to mph and could reach a maximum range of Spurred on by the unwavering demand to go further and faster [32], the Gulfstream III followed in [33] and set a new record as the first private jet to fly over both poles.

It had a top speed of The new business jet had a top speed of Powered by two Rolls-Royce engines, the V had a range of 6,nm, a top speed of The turn of the millennium marked the start of a surge in Gulfstream private jets.

In , the company achieved ultra-long-range capabilities with the launch of the G and G [41]. The long-range G and mid-range G also launched around the same time [42]. The G launched in , featuring an ultra-large cabin, longer range and faster speeds of up to Cessna entered the commercial jet industry in the late s, with the introduction of the FanJet in [45].

Featuring a long, straight wing design that allowed it to land in smaller airports, the plane shunned fuel-thirsty turbojet engines in favor of more fuel-efficient turbofans. The jet could easily land in places where airport facilities are congested [46], while its huge wingspan gave it a greater rate of climb, better cruise at high altitude and a desired angle of attack during landing.

However, ultimately the affluent target consumer favored range and speed over cost-saving advantages, meaning the FanJet struggled to achieve a greater market share in the long-run. Expanded cabin capacity to a maximum of eight passengers was an additional advantage.

The Model Citation II launched in with further improvements [48]. The new jet had a maximum range of 1, miles, could reach a top speed of mph and had an increased capacity of 11 people. The Model Citation III followed in [49], with room to seat up to 15 passengers and a supercritical sweptback wing design that improved its aerodynamic performance. The new model could reach a top speed of mph and had a transoceanic range of 2, miles.

Another variation, Citation V, was introduced in with greater baggage and cabin space [52]. The biggest improvement yet came in [54] with the Model Citation X, which could fly at a top speed of Mach 0. The Citation X helped Cessna shed its reputation as a slow-speed, low-priced and low-performance plane manufacturer, as the new model could compete with the best in class and came at a more competitive price.

Featuring a highly swept T-tail and sweptback wing design, it can hit the Mach 0. Compared to Dassault, Gulfstream and Cessna, Bombardier was a late entrant into the jet aviation business. The company launched its early program in the s, including the Bombardier Challenger series which offered impressive transatlantic range.

This was followed by the improved Challenger in [57], which had an increased range of 3, Later that year, the Challenger [59] offered improved engine performance with a top speed of Mach 0. The aircraft has a circular fuselage design, with a contoured Jet Planes Used In Vietnam Corporation radome on the nose section giving a better angle of attack during landing [64].

An electrically heated windshield, which can be defogged from the inside, increases resistance to bird hits; while the wing and tail are heated with hot air to prevent ice formation. Having a larger wingspan The jet boasts high levels of fuel efficiency thanks to its full authority digital engine control system FADEC , which automatically sets the fuel mixture and ignition to give the best performance in a range of scenarios.

This smart control system calculates the RPM and throttle position to determine the amount of the air entering the engine and sets the timing for injection, optimizing engine performance in varying conditions. Two Rolls-Royce AEC2 turbofan engines remain at the heart of the plane, featuring advanced fan-blade technology and enhanced thrust compared to its predecessors.

The fuel-efficient engines allow the plane to reach a maximum range of This enables it to accelerate and cruise at impressive speeds using the high thrust of its engines. Garmin synthetic vision technology allows the pilot to assess terrain when windscreen visibility is compromised due to darkness or weather conditions [70], enhancing situational awareness with 3D terrain features [71] for an in-depth perspective view.

When flying in darkness, low light or cloudy conditions, pilots rely on the instruments in the cockpit to navigate the plane. Additional features include a terrain awareness warning system, traffic collision avoidance system and emergency locator transmitter. Onboard entertainment systems, copious legroom and cabin stand-up headroom, an all-glass cockpit and ultra-high-speed internet enhance the flying experience for both passengers and crew; while real-time communication facilities allow passengers to make calls, send emails and follow meetings while cruising at speeds of Mach 0.

A sweptback wing boosts aerodynamic performance by minimizing the formation of shockwaves and giving better stability at high speed; while the large wingspan gives a better rate of climb, improved performance at high altitude and the ability to land on short runways.

The nose and all-glass, ultra-large cabin give a desirable angle of attack during landing. Offering more thrust than the previous generations, the custom-made engines combined with auto-throttle management are maximized for high performance. Modern technology enhances control and convenience during flight. The G uses a fly-by-wire computerized flight control system, which can run both on autopilot and in the presence of the pilot; while the enhanced vision system EVS includes a mounted infrared camera that gives the pilot a better view of the surrounding terrain at night and in poor light conditions.

An Apple iOS or Google Android smartphone can be used to adjust onboard lighting, entertainment options, window shades and temperature controls, as well as track the progress of the flight. The jet Jet Planes Used In Vietnam Zip Code features a sweptback wing with supercritical aerofoil and high-performance winglets that boost aerodynamic performance on a hot day and at high altitudes; plus a highly sweptback T-tail.

An electronic flight bag cockpit iPad gives the crew easy access to terminal charts, approaches, arrivals, departures and company manuals. The aircraft boasts a wide cabin layout, allowing for a wider range of configurations and giving passengers more space.

Designed for incessant connectivity, onboard Wi-Fi allows passengers to communicate with the outside world in real-time as though they were working in a normal office. It also features double-slotted Fowler flaps and leading-edge slats that improve the overall aerodynamics of the jet. A tri-jet engine configuration ensures the aircraft travels faster and further, using PWA turbofan engines for greater efficiency and thrust.

The flight deck is equipped with a Falcon EASyII system with HUD for pilot convenience [79]; while the digitalized flight control improves handling for a smoother flight. Rolls-Royce BR A engines are modified from the BR engines used in the earlier G [80]; while an auto-throttle system optimizes performance in any given conditions.

The aircraft features a range of technology, including on-board computers for automatic monitoring and minute-by-minute adjustments plus an enhanced vision system to make it easier to fly at night and land when visibility is poor [81]. The Bombardier Global is made using lightweight carbon fibre materials to improve fuel efficiency; while its wing and fuselage design contribute to remarkable overall aerodynamic performance. The jet has a swept-wing design with supercritical aerofoil, while winglets and a swept-back T-tail enhance aerodynamic stability at high speeds.

Onboard technology includes a HUD, giving the pilot easy access to [82] data ; a multi-function touch-screen display; and a maintenance and diagnostic system to promptly isolate and correct issues in the flight deck [83]. Three flight management systems — an inertial reference system, an Artex emergency locator transmitter and a traffic avoidance warning system — help the crew to plan approaches, landings, arrivals and departures.

The cabin features a global office with local area network LAN , high-speed internet connection and an Airshow SX entertainment system with moving map and flight information display [84]. Passengers can customize the atmosphere in the cabin to their desired comfort levels.

The Gulfstream G features a sweptback T-tail and lightweight wings with winglets, ailerons, spoilers and flaps that improve speed stability during flight. The wing is attached to the underbelly of the fuselage, preventing cabin squeezing and giving passengers more room to stand. The ultra-large, all-glass cockpit features an electrically-heated windshield for resistance to bird hit and a PlaneView display system, which covers the entire instrument panel giving pilots a good viewing area and provides full performance data analysis.

HUD technology allows pilots to stay focused on the sky, while an enhanced vision system improves visibility in poor weather conditions or during night-time flights [86]. Gulfstream-designed cursor control devices give pilots an enhanced command of essential flight data, allowing them to see airways, radar data, navigational aids and airports through a select-and-scroll system.

Additional technological improvements from previous Gulfstream models include a synthetic vision option in the primary flight display, which offers pilots 3D graphics of the surrounding terrain to enhance their awareness even when flying in zero-visibility conditions. The cabin features Wi-Fi, satellite communication and phone, fax and printer facilities, making the jet feel like a flying office and allowing business executives to stay connected while en route to their next meeting.

The Dassault Falcon LX is a wide body, high-performance business jet with cabin space for eight passengers. Incorporating composite materials and metal alloys, the jet features a double-swept wing to optimize performance plus horizontal stabilizers and a nose cone made from glass composites, Kevlar and aluminum. Multiple load paths and low stress levels ensure stress is transferred to alternative paths if the primary load path fails.

A quarter-chord wing sweep gives an aspect ratio of 7. The aircraft features extensive technology, especially in the flight deck where a Honeywell Primus Epic flight management system improves navigation by allowing the pilot to identify difficult terrain and redirect flight paths. Auto-throttle systems allow the pilot easy access to optimize engine performance and the flight display system boasts four LCD screens: two with cursor control devices and two with keyboards [89].

Precautionary systems include an integrated electronic standby indicator, rechargeable flashlights and a standby magnetic compass. The Dassault Falcon LX is powered by three TFE engines in tri-jet configuration, with each engine giving a thrust of about 5,lbs, with an auto-throttle system optimizing performance in different conditions.

Compared to the Falcon LX, this jet has more cabin space and a greater capacity. The ultra-large cockpit is surrounded by glass and can be defogged from the inside. Two LCD screens use cursor control devices, enabling the pilot to effortlessly execute commands and focus on flying the jet; while synthetic vision gives a 3D, color-coded image of the surrounding environment to improve situational awareness [91].

Its wing design is very similar to that of the other Citation models, located in the underbelly with a highly swept-back T-tail. Innovative onboard technologies include an automatic ice detection system that alerts crew-members when ice forms inside or outside the cabin. The flight deck features brake-by-wire and fly-by-wire rudders and spoilers, along with two autonomous hydraulic systems that ensure redundancy.

The fastest private jets of the future will fly at either supersonic or hypersonic speeds, in response to a growing demand to fly faster and more conveniently.

The NASA X-plane, which can reach a top speed of over Mach 1, continues to inspire private jet manufacturers to explore supersonic and hypersonic flight in future designs. The Bombardier Global travels close to the speed of sound and the company is set to reveal further exciting developments with its upcoming Global and Global models. Major competitors including Dassault, Gulfstream and Cessna are also working on boosting the speed of their jets to supersonic or hypersonic range in response to emerging needs.

Private jet models that can travel at the speed of sound may be unveiled as early as , with supersonic jets also expected in the near future as NASA continues to test out new technology the NASA X-plane is expected to reach a top speed of Mach 2.

Key concepts being researched and developed among the major aviation players include pilotless or unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs , electric planes and blended wing body design [94]. The concept of the pilotless jet is gaining critical focus, with a view to reducing overall flight costs by eliminating the need for outlays such as pilot salaries, daily stipends and hotel layovers [95].

The growing demand for air travel means companies are having to invest in training more pilots and crew-members — an estimated , pilots are currently in employment, with the number set to increase to , in the next 20 years [96].

By developing self-flying aircraft, airlines can help to address the future demand for pilots, as well as potentially improving flights by reducing the margin for human error. Other concepts gaining pace concern more efficient aircraft design.

Blended wing body design is an innovative concept that sees the wing blend smoothly into the wide flat fuselage [98]. The advantage is that the fuselage contributes to most of the lift generated, while the wings provide balance and stability [99].

By supporting a smaller surface area, the design helps to reduce drag better than the usual cylindrical fuselage, resulting in greater fuel efficiency and range. Government and international agency regulations add to the pressure to develop environmentally friendly designs. For instance, Swiss solar-powered aircraft Solar Impulse 2 could only carry one passenger and its speed was compromised by the low energy output of its solar panels.

Merging standard jet engine principles with the rocket engine may solve the problem, as the former could help start the jet and climb to a high altitude before the latter is switched on to achieve supersonic speed. Vertical take-off and landing VTOL technology is set to advance on the existing systems used in military fighter jets, allowing private aircraft to takeoff and land on a small stretch of runway. Researchers are now free to build prototypes in the lab and test designs iteratively, making it easier and cheaper to develop aerodynamically stable, functionally efficient designs.

Additionally, advancement in the use of composite materials is expected to result in aluminum alloys and other metals such as titanium being replaced with lightweight, high-strength materials such as glass fiber, Kevlar and carbon fiber.

The aviation industry is heading towards lightweight, structurally rigid and highly durable designs at much affordable cost.

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