Air International. Instead of the trimmable rleease stabilizer THS found on the jetliners of its day and through the s, the L incorporated an all-flying tail — jet planes release generator stabilator. You may also see 'smoke' coming from the wingtips or other parts of fighter aircraft under high G loads. Archived from the original on August 15, Previous image Next image. Cathay Pacific eventually became the largest non-U. T T2V TA.

The nose landing gear had two attachment points forward and aft, allowing a short-enough tug to push or pull the plane from directly underneath; a feature to allow operations where there wasn't enough forward space at some airports back then. The L was the first jetliner to have an integrated drive generator IDG.

The features were aimed at greatly reducing crew workload and improving fuel efficiency. The L also featured a highly advanced autopilot system and was the first widebody to receive FAA certification for Cat-IIIc autolanding , which approved the TriStar for completely blind landings performed by the aircraft's autopilot in zero- visibility weather.

It also had a unique direct lift control DLC system, which allowed for smooth approaches when landing, without having to use significant pitch changes while on the approach path. Thus, rather than maintaining the descent by adjusting pitch, DLC helps control the descent while maintaining a more consistent pitch angle, using four redundant hydraulic systems.

The production also used a unique "autoclave" system for bonding fuselage panels together; this made the L extremely resistant to corrosion. The prototype first flew on November 16, Dees pilot , Ralph C.

Cokely copilot , and G. Fisher development engineer. In a demonstration by test pilots LeVier and Charles Hall, crew members, employees, and reporters embarked on the TriStar for a 4-hour, minute flight from Palmdale to Dulles Airport "with the TriStar's AFCS [Automatic Flight Control System] feature engaged from takeoff roll to landing", and Lockheed touted it as "a groundbreaking moment: the first cross-country flight without the need for human hands on the controls". TWA heralded the TriStar as one of the safest aircraft in the world in promotional literature in the s when concern over the safety record of the McDonnell Douglas DC , flown by rival airlines, was at its peak.

Delta Air Lines was the type's largest customer. Cathay Pacific eventually became the largest non-U. TWA withdrew its last TriStar from service in To secure the Japanese market, Lockheed secretly bribed several members of the Japanese government to subsidize All Nippon Airways ' purchase of Ls; this caused a significant scandal when the bribes were uncovered. The Soviet Union at that time lacked a widebody airliner.

Development of its own Ilyushin Il was delayed; [46] [47] consequently, in the mids, the Soviets started negotiations to buy 30 TriStars and license-produce up to a year. These operators mainly do their business in the ad hoc charter and wet leasing businesses. The British Royal Air Force had nine aircraft of four variants. In the early s, Orbital Sciences began to use a converted L named Stargazer to launch Pegasus rockets into orbit around Earth.

This venture effectively rendered the small Scout rocket obsolete. The earlier versions of the L, such as the -1, , and can be distinguished from the later models by the design of the middle engine nacelles.

The earlier version nacelle has a round intake, whereas the later models have a small vertical fin between the bottom of the middle engine intake and the top of the fuselage. The two L aircraft delivered to Pacific Southwest Airlines were configured with internal airstair doors that led into an entry hall in what was normally the forward lower baggage hold.

This was to allow operations from airfields that did not have terminal buildings with jet bridges. The L FAA certification L was the first production model of the L, designed for short- and medium-range flights. This variant served as the basis for subsequent variants.

Pacific Southwest Airlines purchased two L models with lower deck seating. The L FAA certification L was the second production model of the L and first flew in and featured a new center fuel tank and higher gross weights that increased the aircraft's range by nearly miles 1, km. Launch orders for the L were placed by Saudia and Cathay Pacific , for two each, in May Deliveries began in June The first two Ls serial numbers and were delivered new to Saudia with the same fuel capacity as the L FAA certification L ; these were later upgraded to L specification.

The L was an upgraded version of the L with an increase in maximum takeoff weight from , pounds , kg to either , pounds , kg or , pounds , kg. Fuel capacity was not increased. The was available only as a conversion package for the L and was never built new. The L was a development of the L with its maximum takeoff weight increased to , pounds , kg.

It was available only as a conversion for the L Although otherwise similar to the , the uses Rolls-Royce RB. Gulf Air used models to replace its earlier-generation Vickers VC10 fleet. Other than the engines, the basic TriStar is identical to the , with center-section fuel, having a MTOW of , pounds , kg , and fuel capacity of 26, US gallons , l as the An increase of gross weight to , pounds , kg is possible, with the heavier aircraft offered by Lockheed as I or Improved.

Saudi Arabian Airlines Saudia was a launch customer for the series and operated a sizable fleet until A total of 24 L aircraft were built new, with the first delivered to Saudia on May 28, Like other TriStar improvements, a conversion program has also been offered.

The L was an upgrade developed for late-model L aircraft and all L and L aircraft. The more powerful engines, lengthened wing, active-load-control ailerons and other systems that had been developed for the L were adapted into the baseline model.

The changes resulted in increases in maximum takeoff weight to , pounds , kg and fuel capacity from 23, US gal 89, l to 31, US gal , l. This variant also used the upgraded RBB4I engine, which could be easily retrofitted to the existing RBB powerplants of the L, but it required a re-engining on the L and L, which used the original RBB. Although it applied to all L models, the upgrade was only undertaken by Delta on six late-model L aircraft.

It was a longer-range variant first flight-tested in Its fuselage length was shortened by 14 feet 4. The variant was popular among international operators and formed a significant portion of the L fleet of Delta and British Airways. However, its late introduction resulted in many potential customers buying the DC instead. The TriStar has an overall length of feet 2 inches Lockheed developed some aerodynamic improvements for the TriStar which included a modified wing-to-body fairing, a fillet below the central intake, extended wingtips, and "active ailerons" or active control system ACS.

The new fairing reduced drag, while the fillet reduced noise in the rear cabin. The wingtip extensions increased aspect ratio, thus reducing induced drag, but resulted in increased bending. The ACS developed to solve this, provided gust alleviation, improving ride during flight, reduced fuel burn, and increased fatigue life.

Earlier TriStar s were delivered with the standard wing; these were later retrofitted with ailerons and extended wingtips. Pan Am was the first customer to order the with the extended wingtips and active ailerons. Aircraft serial number , the first for Pan Am, was the first TriStar to be fitted with them as standard. Initially rated at 50, lbf kN thrust each, the higher-thrust 53, lbf kN B4 Improved also referred to as the B4I later became available, which also offered improved fuel efficiency.

Originally certified with an MTOW of , pounds , kg , an increased MTOW of , pounds , kg was later certified in , and all earlier production aircraft were certified at this weight. A further increase, to , pounds , kg , is also available, and most TriStar s are thought to have had this increase. Standard fuel capacity is 31, US gallons , l , giving the TriStar a range of about 5, nautical miles 9, km with passengers and baggage.

The TriStar 's maximum passenger capacity is , although no aircraft were operated with that number of seats. A typical two-class layout might include 21 First Class and Economy Class for a maximum of passengers. The aircraft is equipped with six exits, two fewer than the long-body TriStars, thus reducing the exit limit maximum.

As of December , the L was involved in 35 aviation occurrences , [67] including 10 hull-losses , [68] with fatalities. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Lockheed L American medium-to-long-range, wide-body trijet airliner.

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. September Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Main article: List of Lockheed L operators. December 21, Retrieved January 6, Archived from the original on May 27, Retrieved July 16, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

October 17, Chasing the Sun. September 30, March 24, Royal Aeronautical Society. Society of Automotive Engineers. Retrieved December 11, Archived from the original on October 16, London: Icon Books. ISBN Flight International. October 24, Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story. New York: St. Martin's Press. February 15, Los Angeles Times. The New York Times. Montreal Gazette.

February 9, May 17, February 18, Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. Sumter Daily Item. December 8, Lockheed L Tristar.

ISBN X. OCLC February 1, Warrendale, PA: Retrieved December 10, FAA Technical Center. Chicago Tribune. Northrop Grumman. Archived from the original PDF on September 27, Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Archived from the original PDF on December 22, Popular Science. ISSN The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. August 10, Retrieved December 4, Delta Museum. The Bulletin. April 3, August 9, Petersburg Times.

February 11, July 28, July 4, Lockheed TriStar. Modern Civil Aircraft No 8. London: Ian Allan. November 1, Washington Monthly.

The International Directory of Military Aircraft, — Air International. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. December Retrieved March 25, Air and Space. Engine and aerodynamic contrail forming behind an A picture source. This was prevalent in early jets and allowed to spot them from a distance - just follow the black line, at its tip is an aircraft. Smokeless combustor cans which allow more fuel-air mixing put an end to this. For more information I recommend the excellent web page contrailscience.

This B uses rockets to accelerate quickly which leave the biggest smoke trail, but also the old J left a lot of smoke behind picture source. The third source is shown in your picture: Oil is injected into the hot exhaust stream which forms a dense mist. This can be done with jets and piston engines, and gliders or parachutists use smoke flares.

Once they are ignited in most cases electrically they burn down and cannot be switched off. Smoke flares on the wingtips and fuselage of a glider picture source. There are many more things that can be sprayed from an aircraft fuel, obviously, when it has to be dumped in an emergency, fertilizer or insecticides, silver iodide to seed clouds , but these are special cases.

I encourage you to visit contrailscience. LS glider dumping ballast water picture source. Most aircraft that leave trails aren't leaving smoke. It's condensed water vapour; essentially, clouds. These are called contrails. This can be caused by the water in the engine exhaust condensing, or by the disruption of the air by the passage of the aircraft triggering the condensation of water that was already present. Some aerobatic aircraft have smoke generators which leave much thicker and more visible trails which can be turned on and off and don't depend on particular atmospheric conditions.

White is most common but other colours are possible. The Blue Angels and other display teams have smoke generators in their jets, which have the specific purpose of generating a smoke trail because it looks cool. Smoke trails at airshows are generally for that purpose. The generators inject a small amount of diesel into the jet exhaust to generate white smoke, and dyed diesel to make coloured smoke.

You may also see 'smoke' coming from the wingtips or other parts of fighter aircraft under high G loads. This is actually water vapor condensation from the extremely low air pressure that is briefly generated by a hard turning fighter, and it disappears quickly.

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