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She wants to give him a chance to be a peacemaker, where she has no trust whatsoever in the current leadership of the Republican Party. Narrator: As the campaign picked up speed in the fall of , Wilson often appeared with his most fervent supporter by his side: his new wife, Edith Bolling Galt. They had met the previous spring, only two months before the crisis over the sinking of the Lusitania.

Scott Berg, Writer: He was driving the streets with his doctor and closest friend at that time, who waved hello to this woman on the street. And Wilson suddenly turned and said, who is that beautiful woman? Narrator: Edith Galt was a vivacious, well-to-do Washington widow.

Wilson would spend the next six months trying to win her affection. Scott Berg, Writer: It took up a lot of his time, maybe it took up too much of his time. He was bewitched. There were days he was writing three or four love letters to her. Scott Berg, Writer: Edith Galt had this incredibly tonic effect on the president.

He came to life again. And it allowed him really to focus on his work with so much more ease. And he had somebody to share all this with. Narrator: With the nation so deeply divided, the presidential race remained close. In the end Wilson barely won a second term. Wilson really wins with a squeaking victory through a couple of western states, where if the vote had gone just slightly in the other direction, Charles Evans Hughes would have been president.

Jay Winter, Historian: The election of was in good part a referendum on the war and the Wilson balancing act of what I would call neutrality with a tilt. The idea that the country was not going to [make it its mission to end the war] was attractive. On the other hand, the notion that the United States had many interests in common with the allies, that makes sense.

Narrator: For the moment, Woodrow Wilson had held together the slender consensus that he was the best man to guide America through a dangerous world. Still, he sensed that his nation might not be able to remain on the sidelines forever.

Narrator: As the bloody year drew to a close, Americans were transfixed by the scale of the suffering that had been unleashed on the European continent. Two epic battles, at Verdun and along the river Somme, had raged on and on.

When they were over, the strategic balance of the war remained virtually unchanged. But I do believe that the two battles changed the meaning of the word battle. They were so big that they crossed the threshold of suffering. Alan Axelrod, Writer: The war became a war of attrition such as the world has never seen. It became a war of two powers annihilating one another. How do you understand that?

How do you write about that? How do you explain that? How do you do anything but recoil in horror from that because it makes no sense? Narrator: At a hospital near the Somme battlefield, the American nurse Mary Borden often met the procession of ambulances and their cargo of grievously wounded soldiers.

Voice: Mary Borden: There are no men here, so why should I be a woman? There are chests with holes as big as your fist, and pulpy thighs, shapeless; and stumps where legs once were fastened. There are eyes — eyes of sick dogs, sick cats, blind eyes, eyes of delirium; and mouths that cannot articulate; and parts of faces — the nose gone, or the jaw.

There are these things, but no men; so how could I be a woman here and not die of it? I feel myself dying again. It is impossible to be a woman here.

One must be dead. Narrator: One of the millions of men caught up in the fighting at the Somme was Alan Seeger. In late June, he and the rest of his division from the French Foreign Legion were moved into position outside the heavily defended village of Belloy-en-Santerre.

Voice: Alan Seeger: June 28 th We go up to the attack tomorrow. This will probably be the biggest thing yet. We are to have the honor of marching in the first wave. I will write you soon if I get through all right.

I am glad to be going. If you are in this thing at all it is best to be in to the limit. And this is the supreme experience. Narrator: On the 4 th of July, Seeger and his companions went over the top. Charging across an open field, they were met with heavy machine gun fire.

Seeger was hit in the abdomen. He called out for a stretcher, and tried to bind up his wounds. When help finally reached him he was dead. That night, his body was buried in a soldiers grave. Where Love throbs out in blissful sleep, Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath, Where hushed awakenings are dear.

When Spring trips north again this year. Narrator: For nearly two-and-a-half years, the generals of the German High Command had tried everything they could to break out of the stalemate on the Western Front.

But by the beginning of they were becoming increasingly desperate. The British blockade had pushed millions of Germans to the brink of starvation. Meanwhile, American goods and armaments continued to flood into Britain and prop up the Allied war machine. Finally, on January 31 st , Germany sent a message to President Wilson announcing a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.

Any ships that now entered the war zone around Great Britain would be sunk. Kennedy, Historian: It was a very risky decision. They knew this would mean sinking the ships of neutral nations, most obviously the United States. And that this would probably provoke the Americans into an armed response.

So it was a calculated risk I think the Germans were taking. The danger is too real. I think Wilson was still trying to pull a rabbit out of a hat.

I think he was still hoping he could figure out a way through this. We should be in there fighting for the values we think are important and not watching Germany trample all over them. You could argue that the United States does have an interest in not seeing the continent of Europe dominated by Germany. Narrator: On March 1st, Americans awoke to banner headlines in newspapers across the country.

An intercepted telegram, written in code, from the German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to his Ambassador in Mexico, revealed secret efforts to get Japan and Mexico to declare war on the United States. The audacious plot underscored the fact that Germany was willing to go to almost any lengths to disrupt American support for the Allies.

Jay Winter, Historian: British naval intelligence got the Zimmermann telegram but waited until they knew that they could get the American president to blow his top. And when he got the telegram he saw that there is no limit to the provocations and indeed direct challenges to the sovereignty of the United States the imperial German government was prepared to countenance.

Narrator: By the middle of March, U-boats had sunk three more American merchant ships. Michael Neiberg, Historian: Everybody in the cabinet votes for war. And walks out. Narrator: Wilson retreated to his second floor study to begin work on a speech in response to the German aggression. Cooper, Historian: Woodrow Wilson made both a strategic and a moral even spiritual decision to go in.

Every indicator we have of both public opinion and congressional opinion is that the big majority were still in the middle. Wilson could have carried them either way. And he agonized over it. He did not want to take us into the war if he could possibly avoid it.

Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: As Wilson watches the events of World War I as he becomes increasingly concerned about what this means for the world, he really comes to believe that America has to do more than watch and be better, that the U.

At p. Woodrow Wilson entered the floor of the House of Representatives. He was greeted by a two minute standing ovation. Scott Berg, Writer: [It is] what I consider, the greatest foreign policy speech in American history, because embedded within this speech is a single sentence, which for the last hundred years has been the bedrock of all American foreign policy.

We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.

We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. Scott Berg, Writer: Wilson realized the country had a new power. We were not going in for treasure, we were not going in for territory. We were not there to be an imperial nation. God helping her, she can do no other. He had proclaimed that America must fight, but whether the country would rally around his cause, and how and when she would do so, would be the great struggle of the months to come.

Only moments earlier, Wilson had asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. Scott Berg, Writer: It was the greatest applause Wilson had heard in his years in office.

After the speech, he and his wife go back to the White House. Wilson goes into his office. And he puts his head down on the table and he weeps. And one of the men on his staff said, but Mr. President, what, what are you, what are you crying about? I mean you just had this incredible response in Congress. He said, can you imagine people applauding my asking to bring us into war?

And with that he put his head down and sobbed again. Narrator: A shaken Wilson had to confront the fact that, after struggling for nearly three years to keep America out of the Great War, he had now committed his nation to a conflict that had already left millions dead.

Kennedy, Historian: We know from the record that Wilson was filled with anxieties about what he understood that he was asking the country to get itself in for he knew that he was asking the country to sacrifice in ways it had never done before, for a purpose that was not all terribly well defined.

Alan Axelrod, Writer: America was unique in the war because it was not fighting for survival; it was fighting for an idea. Chad Williams, Historian: Woodrow Wilson was fighting for this ideal of democracy on a global scale. But what will it mean to fight a war on largely ideological grounds? How do you rally a very divided country behind that?

Narrator: Americans began to notice the posters almost overnight. Within weeks they were everywhere — plastered on buildings and displayed in trolley cars, hung in the windows of restaurants and in barbershops.

Despite his eloquent call for intervention, the president knew the nation was deeply divided about the conflict.

Fifty members of the House and six Senators had voted against the war resolution. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Eugene Debs was an unyielding spokesman for working class and labor concerns.

He also strongly opposed the U. He believed that workers of the world had more in common with each other than they did with the ruling parties of the nations that were at war. Narrator: Further fueling opposition, Wilson was making plans to institute a draft.

Bristow, Historian: The idea of the draft is very controversial. The idea that the government can call on you or call on you to give up your son to go put their life on the line is absolutely counter to the notion of American individualism or what an American democracy looks like.

Narrator: Facing such determined opposition, Wilson and Creel conceived of a plan to galvanize support for the war. Kennedy, Historian: Creel was a pioneer, you might say in the field of public relations. And then Wilson appoints him the head of something called the Committee on Public Information, which, not to put too fine a point on it, is essentially the U.

The Division of Pictorial Publicity featured posters painted by famous illustrators like Charles Dana Gibson that portrayed the war as a heroic fight for democracy and freedom. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Wilson is asking the American people to make the world safe for democracy.

Germany had become a symbol of autocracy, of violence, of un-freedom that needed to be destroyed. Alan Axelrod, Writer: Creel saw his problem as transforming the American people into one white hot mass of enthusiasm for the war and the CPI went from a bureaucracy of one person to an army of about a hundred thousand people in the space of a couple of months.

He had long argued for a law that gave him the power to penalize disloyalty and root out subversion wherever it could be found. On June 15 th , he got his wish.

Richard Rubin, Writer: The Espionage Act was passed ostensibly to prevent espionage but really it clamped down on dissent. It was used to battle any kind of antiwar vocalization.

Wilson was a very complicated man. On the one hand he was a professor, he was a devotee of the constitution; at the same time he was a very proud, some might say egotistical man, and from the moment America entered the war he identified the cause of the war with himself. And he absolutely would not tolerate any dissent from anybody.

The government went about the business of deliberately cultivating enthusiasm for the war and deliberately suppressing any negative voices. Narrator: The flood of propaganda and the power of the Espionage Act sent an unmistakable message to the American public: The time for open debate was over; the country was now on a war footing and every citizen was expected to get in line.

Narrator: On the morning of June 13 th , , the steamship Invicta was brought up to the pier at the French port of Boulogne. Pershing was made to sell a war. He was a man that the mothers and wives of soldiers, somehow felt that they could trust with their boys. He had gone on to distinguish himself in heavy fighting during the Spanish-American War and in the jungles of the Philippines.

Then, his expedition to hunt down the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had made Pershing front-page news. But only two years before his arrival in France his world came crashing down.

Andrew Carroll, Writer: In August of , his little girls and beautiful wife all perished in a house fire. To have your whole family wiped out in one fire is just so heartbreaking and horrific. In the consequence of such a breathtaking loss, I think he almost found solace in focusing on this extraordinary mission to win the war.

Narrator: Pershing was a strict disciplinarian, and quick to fire subordinates who failed to measure up to his exacting standards. He worried about the welfare of his men, but never cultivated their affection. When he received his commission he was given command of the entire American army. Not since Ulysses S. Grant was made Supreme commander during the Civil War, had any general been given such sweeping power. Pershing, however, was deeply worried.

For nearly three years, as the United States stood on the sidelines, the warring nations of Europe had battered themselves relentlessly. In , the Germans invaded France, through neutral Belgium, only to be stopped by the French and their allies, the British.

Both sides dug networks of trenches that soon stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. Then they proceeded to hammer away at each other, gaining little ground and suffering casualties in the millions. Into this continent in chaos, Pershing would have to lead his American Expeditionary Forces. There was no plan, no organization, no equipment. Richard Slotkin, Historian: When Wilson declares war, the total armed trained force of the United States is less than a quarter of a million men.

The British Army loses more than that in one battle. Jay Winter, Historian: There was no reason to believe from past history that the United States could build up a military that fast. Arm them, train them, equip them and get them across. The Germans were persuaded that the United States could not do it.

Narrator: When Pershing arrived in Paris he was greeted with a tremendous outpouring of emotion from the war-weary French. Already, the French had lost nearly a million men. British losses approached , Exhausted by the unending slaughter, tens of thousands of French soldiers had mutinied and refused to fight.

Richard Rubin, Writer: Pershing resisted a tremendous amount of pressure to just hand over American troops to French and British command. He thought the whole thing was a big mess that was going nowhere. Woodrow Wilson wanted an army that would receive full credit for its victories on the battlefield. He insisted that American troops operate independently from the British and the French.

Jay Winter, Historian: The American army had to have a major and independent role because Wilson wanted to have, after the war, a major and independent role in the peace.

The United States was the new power, it was the future. Narrator: As his tour of the front lines came to an end, Pershing dispatched a cable that sent shockwaves through Washington.

He believed he would need a million men in France, perhaps as many as three million. And he estimated it would take almost a year to get them there. It was a very important part of Americans making peace with the fact that they had to go to war. Voice: John Lewis Barkley: Everybody around me was going crazy about the war. I [had] as bad a case of war fever as the next fellow.

Worse probably. He had grown up fishing and hunting along Scalybark Creek in the rough farm country of western Missouri, and claimed his skills as a frontiersman could be traced back to his distant ancestor, Daniel Boone.

Barkley was swept up in the enthusiasm for the war, but the reality was, he had little choice in the matter. Keene, Historian: The idea of the draft was controversial in the very beginning because the draft implies that men don't want to fight this war and you're forcing the country to fight. There were anti-draft riots in the North during the Civil War, Wilson was very self-conscious about that.

Keene, Historian: Wilson has a big sales job that he has to make about conscription. And so he doesn't call it conscription and he doesn't call it the draft. What does he call it? He calls it Selective Service. Men like Barkley were urged to register and the government would then select who would serve and who would remain exempt. Kennedy, Historian: The whole system traded on the idea that we the government are simply facilitating volunteering.

Richard Slotkin, Historian: Even though the government is reaching in and pulling Johnny out of the living room and putting him into uniform it seems like they had volunteered to be drafted.

Each man filled out a registration card, noting his occupation, and his place of birth. Chad Williams, Historian: African American troops were very explicitly seen as a problem. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: A Senator from Mississippi, I think correctly, says once you draft a negro man and give him a gun and tell him to fight with it, it's one short step for him thinking that he should fight for his rights at home.

Narrator: Although millions registered, not everyone agreed to serve in the new American Army. More than three million others, known as slackers, evaded the call to arms altogether. On July 20 th , a crowd of dignitaries and journalists filled a hearing room in the Senate Office Building. As the newsreel cameras rolled, the first draft of the Great War began. By the end of day, more than , men had been selected.

Poles, Scandinavians, Germans. I welcomed anything…I knew that in the midst of the ruinous world war it was necessary to show everyone that I was a true representative of our people. There were my dogs, and my old horse Charley , and my family, and a girl. Just before leaving for camp I got really engaged to my girl, with a ring and everything. It was the most important thing that had ever happened to me.

Except getting in the army. Narrator: In the face of determined opposition, Woodrow Wilson had succeeded in laying the groundwork for the biggest armed force the United States had ever seen.

They were part of a huge rally to sell Liberty Bonds, an innovation created to get the American public to not only support the war, but to invest in it too. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Liberty Bond drives opened up a fire-hose of propaganda. Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, all of the greatest stars of their day. Celebrity culture is just starting to emerge, and they can turn out crowds, and those crowds then become some of the biggest rallies that you see on the home front during the war.

Christopher Capozzola, Historian: In between every reel of film, there was a four-minute break when the projectionist had to change the reels. Somewhere along the way, someone at the CPI hit on the idea that this was a perfectly captive audience for the delivery of the war message.

Narrator: Night after night, prominent members of the local community would stand up and deliver short patriotic speeches. Ten men gave talks in Yiddish, seven in Italian.

President Wilson himself gave a Four-Minute speech. Narrator: The appearance of spontaneity masked a carefully scripted government message. Alan Axelrod, Writer: They were guided by a central authority, but always in the own words of the individual giving the speech and he was usually a person who was known in the community.

He was not saying this is what the government says. Keene, Historian: The federal government figures out ways to come to you. Want to watch a movie? Up pops a Four-Minute Man to give you a little speech about the war. Go to the county fair? There are a myriad of ways in which the federal government inserts this propaganda into your daily life.

Narrator: The success of the first round of the draft presented the Wilson administration with a problem.

They had nowhere to put their new soldiers. In the summer of , the government embarked on a crash program to build sixteen Army compounds that would accommodate up to a half million draftees from every corner of the country.

Camp Funston was carved out of a meadow in just five months. It encompassed 3, buildings sprawling over 2, acres, mostly two-story barracks, but also a library, hospitals, an arcade filled with stores, restaurants, movie theaters, and the biggest pool hall in the state of Kansas. John Barkley and his fellow recruits had little time to enjoy the amenities.

They started us out at once on close order drill and calisthenics, and they gave it to us on a fourteen-hour-a-day schedule. Narrator: Barkley found himself surrounded by a babel of strange accents, exotic languages, and alien customs. Voice: John Lewis Barkley: The bunks were only a few inches apart, and there was a Mexican in the one next to mine. He was pretty sick, but he never complained, and I got to like him.

Richard Rubin, Writer: Before this time most Americans associated only with people who were just like them in terms of background. It received thousands of men from what was known as the Metropolitan Division, all drawn from the streets of New York. Narrator: In the decades leading up to the Great War, as many as 23 million immigrants had poured into the United States.

By , a third of Americans had been born in a foreign land, or had a parent who had emigrated from abroad. Kennedy, Historian: This was a moment of massive immigration in our society and there were lots of questions in the air about just how well could this society absorb immigrants on this scale.

Some people saw mobilization for the war as a way to accelerate their assimilation. Kennedy, Historian: Some of the officers used to say that a shared military service, sharing the same pup tent, would yank the hyphen out of all these immigrant communities. That was the phrase that they used.

Christopher Capozzola, Historian: If you look at the American army in , you see young men from all these different countries around the world, [including] immigrants from the countries against which the United States is now fighting.

For many during the war the hyphen became the real enemy, it was the sign of divided loyalties and the sign of an obstacle to American national unity. The real challenge, of course, is for people whose ancestors came from Germany. Narrator: Immediately after the US had declared war, local governments, civic organizations, and even ordinary citizens began an attack on German Americans and their culture.

Christopher Capozzola, Historian: There are children who are instructed by their teachers to cut German songs out of the music books that they use in their classrooms. There is a public stein-breaking fest at one point, to keep people from drinking German beer. Richard Rubin, Writer: Germans were pressured to stop playing German music, to stop going to German plays.

And when I say Germans, I mean German-Americans whose ancestors might have been in this country since before the revolution. Narrator: The anti-German hysteria even extended to the federal government. The CPI published an article with tips on how to identify people who were pro-German.

The program was administered by a year old member of the Department of Justice, J. Edgar Hoover. By the fall, a new series of camps capable of housing thousands of people had sprung up — in Utah, Georgia and North Carolina — not to train new recruits but to imprison anyone that the government considered a threat to its security. Narrator: While newly drafted soldiers stabbed dummies with bayonets in camps all across the country, another group of recruits practiced their drill steps on the streets of Harlem.

Community leaders in Harlem had lobbied for the creation of an all-black regiment for years. The legislature comes back and says okay, but you have to raise the money to equip the unit, and you also have to accept white officers. Narrator: A prominent lawyer named William Hayward took command, and set about recruiting to get the regiment up to full strength. And, in fact, many of the officers, in the 15 th New York who were white could not get high-ranking officer positions in other units.

The 15 th was this, sort of, place of last resort for many of these rich, white men. Narrator: The New York Fifteenth was forced to beg for equipment from other units, and train in the backyards and empty lots of Harlem. When the 15 th New York National Guard is formed, though, he decides that he wants to join for the same reason that a number of African-American men joined.

They see it as this potent symbol of African-American manhood. Voice: James Reese Europe: Our race will never amount to anything. But to accomplish these results, the best. Narrator: Europe convinced his writing partner Noble Sissle to enlist. When Hayward asked them to form a regimental band, the two took up the challenge. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: The band is just huge. Europe argues for at minimum, 40 men, I think gets a few more than that.

Realizes that he needs a stronger wind section, so goes down to Puerto Rico and recruits Afro-Puerto Rican clarinetists mostly, but trombone players as well. Spanish speakers, English speakers, folks with a nutty southern dialect, all wrapped up. By the summer of , Noble Sissle watched as the regiment began to attract recruits in record numbers. Voice: Noble Sissle: Our. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: When Wilson frames the war as a war for Democracy, he offers up something that seems to promise for African-Americans expanded possibility.

Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: New York was a segregated city. Blacks have no political power. So [some Blacks are] saying, why should we be fighting for this nation and these you know white people who are oppressing us? Narrator: The situation in the Jim Crow South was even worse: a toxic mixture of rigid segregation, and almost daily episodes of racially motivated brutality. In July, in East St. Louis, Illinois, an exchange of gunfire between blacks and local police provoked an explosion of mob violence that reduced entire black neighborhoods to ashes and left hundreds of men, women and children dead.

Seven weeks later, a battalion of black troops stationed outside Houston encountered a campaign of harassment and violence from local whites. They responded by marching into the city and engaging in a pitched battle with local police. Chad Williams, Historian: This was the worst fears of white southerners come true. A group of black soldiers taking up arms and killing white people. There was a hasty trial. And they very quickly became martyrs.

Scott Berg, Writer: Woodrow Wilson grew up in the south. By any measure Woodrow Wilson was a racist. He introduced Jim Crow to Washington, D. At a time when it was just starting to loosen up, he brought it back and it became for all intents and purposes the law of the land. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson is so disappointing. And then on the flip side, for all of his big ideals, he is such a narrow-hearted little man.

Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: They show up in Spartanburg a month after black soldiers in Houston had marched on the town. And so the folks of South Carolina are determined to make sure that this particular set of black soldiers, Yankees, come down, right, stay in their place. And the military leadership is incredibly jittery. Richard Slotkin, Historian: For a couple of weeks, they walk the edge of possible violence in the town.

They manage it pretty well. On the other hand if the white officers let the local whites abuse their troops, they lose face with their men. He also asked his men to pledge that they would avoid violence of any kind, even if provoked.

Richard Slotkin, Historian: Noble Sissle, goes to buy a newspaper in the lobby of a hotel and gets into an altercation with the white man behind the counter.

A crowd gathers and not only are the blacks squaring off against the whites in the room, but the white national guardsmen from New York are backing their fellow Yankees against the local Confederates and James Reese Europe says, halt, stop. Brings the whole incident to an end, marches his men out of there and averts violence. Narrator: The Fifteenth emerged stronger because of its ordeal in Spartanburg.

Anxious to burnish the reputation of his regiment, Hayward petitioned to have it included in the famous Rainbow Division, drawn from National Guard units from more than half the states in the nation. Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: Hayward asks the Black Filing Cabinet With Lock In Rainbow Division if the 15th could join them and the response to his request is black is not a color of the rainbow. And of course neither is white. Narrator: By the fall of , the scale of the challenge confronting American mobilization was beginning to sink in.

The Quartermaster Corps estimated it would need 17 million woolen trousers, 22 million flannel shirts, 26 million shoes. The U. On September 4 th , , President Wilson, members of his cabinet, and the leadership of Congress led a parade from the Capitol down Pennsylvania Avenue.

They were there to honor 1, newly drafted men from the District of Columbia. When he reached the White House, Wilson stepped onto a reviewing stand, and the new recruits, still in their civilian clothes, marched past. They were led by the radical suffragist Alice Paul. The child of devout Quakers from Philadelphia, and armed with a doctorate in sociology, Paul was a formidable adversary.

When war was declared in April, most mainstream suffrage groups suspended their efforts. Not Alice Paul. She turns his language back on him, and says, we are going to continue pushing for the vote, through the war.

Christopher Capozzola, Historian: At first, Wilson sort of ignored them. Condescended to them. Had hot chocolate sent out from the White House kitchen to keep them warm on winter days, but it became increasingly embarrassing that these protests were happening.

And over time Wilson wanted the protesters gone. Narrator: The president came to see the defiant women outside his window as a threat to the war effort, and conspired with the Washington police to crack down on them.

He says, go ahead, let them out. They get released, boom, right back in front of the White House. On October 20 th , Paul herself was arrested and sentenced to seven months in a Virginia prison. The suffragist press made heroes and martyrs out of Paul and her fellow prisoners. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Alice Paul knows that imprisoned women suffragists, particularly young, middle-class women, make very good newspaper copy.

So she encourages women to stay arrested, to refuse to pay bail. Narrator: Shortly after arriving at the prison, Alice Paul went on a hunger strike.

Doctors forced a tube down her throat three times a day. When she became too weak to stay in her cell, she was transferred to the hospital, then the psychiatric ward. By November 24 th , Paul had gone weeks without food. That she had gone too far. But then, a crucial thing happened. Late one night in prison, Alice Paul is visited by a close Wilson confidante. Kimberly Jensen, Historian: Wilson understands that these are women who are resilient, who will not give up.

Alice Paul is a force of nature. So a deal is struck. Narrator: Despite the possibility of progress, Alice Paul continued to accuse the government of hypocrisy. Narrator: During the war years, visitors to the White House had cause to be concerned about their own safety. It regularly attacked members of the White House staff. But the ewes produced fine wool, so he remained a menacing presence on the South Lawn. The sale of White House wool raised tens of thousands of dollars for the Red Cross, and Edith knitted socks for soldiers.

She also signed a Food Pledge, vowing to forego meat, wheat, and sugar, so more of these vital supplies could be sent overseas. With most of Belgium and large parts of France under German occupation, and farmers off at the front, millions of Europeans were struggling to survive.

America, on the other hand, was an agricultural powerhouse, whose output of food could become as important as its manpower or its financial resources. Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: It became evident that food was going to be a weapon in the war.

Herbert Hoover immediately worked to get Americans to think that saving food and conserving food was the most important thing that they could do as individuals to help the effort. Narrator: As many as , women volunteers fanned out across their communities, urging neighbors to join Edith Wilson and sign a food pledge.

Fourteen million families put a sign in their window showing that they were behind the campaign. Helen Zoe Veit, Historian: There was no rationing, but there were suggested days where people should give up certain foods. Tuesday was a meatless day, Monday was a wheat-less day, Saturday was a pork-less day. Kimberly Jensen, Historian: They were very sophisticated in the ways that they tried to persuade people.

Local newspapers published the names of people who contributed or not. There was a tremendous amount of pressure, visiting of houses. And there were lots of consequences. Firing from jobs, being ostracized in a community. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Americans came to feel watched and came to live as if they were watched.

Narrator: Volunteer organizations sprang up to help enforce the new conformity. The largest was the American Protective League, with over branches and , card-carrying members across the country.

Richard Rubin, Writer: These vigilante groups were there to make sure that every American was doing his or her patriotic duty. Narrator: Even the famous community organizer and committed pacifist Jane Addams could not resist the pressure. After weathering a storm of harsh criticism in the press, she embarked on a government sponsored speaking tour to rally support for the food effort. Bristow, Historian: To oppose the war was a very difficult position to take and a dangerous position.

To be an activist, even of a respectable type like Jane Addams was very difficult. You became a public enemy if you refused to step in line in support of the war. Anxious to avoid any more racial incidents, the Army had shipped the regiment overseas. They were now on their way to join some of the first Americans in France.

General Pershing had only four divisions stationed in relatively quiet sectors of the Western Front, where they were undergoing training alongside French and British units. They participated in reconnaissance patrols, and endured artillery bombardments and sniper fire. Already, Americans had been killed and wounded.

But when the Fifteenth arrived at the port of Brest on January 1 st , they were promptly assigned to the logistical arm of the military, known as the Services of Supply, and given the dirty work of the army — clearing swamps, unloading ships, digging graves. The overwhelming majority of the men in these labor battalions were black.

Chad Williams, Historian: Most black troops who served in the Services of Supplies recognized that this was not what they signed up for.

This was not their ideal of what a soldier meant. They were manning shovels instead of rifles. These are the things of which soldiers are made and heroes are made and what we write about. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: On the one hand, these soldiers are so proud that they are serving.

At the same time, the army leadership is not excited about having black soldiers. Narrator: For two months, the Fifteenth worked as laborers in France and became increasingly disillusioned. One day a pair of talent scouts, looking for entertainment for soldiers on leave, heard them play.

But when the band had finished and people were roaring with laughter, … I was forced to say … this is just what France needs at this critical time. Narrator: As the reputation of the New York Fifteenth grew, it became harder for General Pershing to let them languish with the rest of the black troops in labor battalions.

The French and British, meanwhile, continued their desperate pleas for reinforcements. So, Pershing loans them to the French.

Narrator: For black Americans, immersion in the French army was a disorienting plunge into a new world. Many struggled to understand their French officers, adjust to new uniforms, new rifles and the realities of trench warfare.

Gradually, Sissle and his fellow soldiers began to feel more confident. Voice: Noble Sissle: The French [soldiers] treated our boys with all the courtesy and comradeship that could be expected.

You could see them strolling down the road. The French officers had taken our officers and made pals of them. But when you step out of a system that people have told you is the only way that is possible and then you look around and there are all of these people in the world working under a different set of rules. Now with the help of their French counterparts, it seemed as though they were, at last, ready to prove themselves on the front lines.

How stupidly ugly it was in destruction of human life, limb, property, everything. Narrator: In its fourth year, the Great War continued to claim appalling casualties on both sides. Now, as millions of young Americans prepared to ship over to France, Woodrow Wilson was determined that the cause they were fighting for would be as great as the sacrifice he was asking them to make.

On January 6 th , , the President gathered up his notes, took to his study, and began work on a speech. Ever since the outbreak of the war, he had sought a pivotal role for America in the conflict.

Christopher Capozzola, Historian: By , Wilson knows, the American public know, how horrible the war is. And so he needs to make this a war that will matter, a war that will change the world. In October the revolutionary Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, had formed a new government and vowed to make peace with Germany.

They offered the world a vision of socialist equality, and an end to the corrupt empires that had oppressed workers for centuries. Before a joint session of Congress, he reiterated why he had felt compelled to enter the war.

Germany must retreat back to its borders. Freedom of the seas would be restored. Governments were to respect the self-determination of their citizens. This is a realistic way to go about creating an idealistic future. Adriane Lentz-Smith, Historian: Wilson believes that this is what the war is for, right. That America entered the war in order to determine the terms of the peace. Narrator: It was the fourteenth point that Wilson felt was to be the keystone of the post-war world: a League of Nations that would arbitrate conflicts between countries.

Kennedy, Historian: The League of Nations would be some kind of new forum for the resolution of international disputes, something really never existed before. Christopher Capozzola, Historian: Wilson is asking Americans and the world to take an enormous leap of faith, to give up national interest and national sovereignty, and to give a chance for international organization and international arbitration.

Kennedy, Historian: There were people already beginning to think that the conditions of modern warfare were just so unimaginably destructive that mankind had to find some other way to resolve these perennial conflicts that the human race seems to get itself involved in. Margaret MacMillan, Historian: Underlying the whole speech is this idea that you can build a better world order. This is really an enunciation of what the United States is going to be like as a player in world affairs.

We see ourselves as somehow policing the world and helping the world find a better way forward. It received glowing reviews and banner headlines across the country. Around the globe, the response was equally positive. We all know that America is a nation with interests that sometimes compete with those noble goals. But I think Wilson almost better than anyone else articulated that wish, that better hope that Americans have for themselves in the world.

Your first sight of the ocean. I used to wonder if their waves looked anything like the waves of the ocean. I saw now that nothing else in the world could look like the ocean. Narrator: When John Barkley, the young recruit from Missouri, stepped off the ship in France he was part of the largest movement of soldiers across the Atlantic in history.

In just over a year, the United States had recruited, drafted, trained, and equipped over , men to fight in the Great War. Millions more were on their way. Jose Saenz had left his tiny town near the Rio Grande and was now almost 5, miles from home. I am eager to do my part in the great tragedy. We may not be as disciplined as the sons of Germany, but we are committed to fight for what is only understood by the sons of democracy — Liberty.

Pershing encouraged the nickname to give his army a distinctive identity. His troops liked it too. Alan Axelrod, Writer: The mere arrival of these fresh American troops who were healthy, who were well-fed, who were well equipped, who were eager and most of all who were marching east, instead of retreating west, had a great effect on French morale.

Narrator: Each month, another , Americans flooded into France. Like John Barkley, few had any idea what awaited them. When the war is over and I come back I will tell you all about France. All about its good wine. You talk about boose [sic] in the states. They never saw any liquor. Narrator: Full of swagger and self-confidence, the green American troops were being thrust into the war at a critical stage.

The Germans had gambled that they could prevail before the Americans arrived in force; with Russia out of the war, the German High Command was able to transfer more than half a million seasoned troops to the West. In a series of offensives beginning in March , German forces attacked up and down the Western Front. The quiet sector where the New York Fifteenth was stationed was suddenly filled with enemy patrols testing the strength of the American defenses.

Since their arrival in January, the men from Harlem had become a more cohesive regiment. In the early morning hours of May 15 th , privates Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, were standing guard at listening posts twenty yards in front of their own lines, when they heard a noise. Chad Williams, Historian: In the dead of night they heard mysterious sounds, sounding like wire cutters.

And realized that a German raiding party was encroaching on their position. Narrator: Johnson and Roberts sounded the alarm as a volley of German grenades exploded all around them. Almost immediately, Roberts was badly injured. Henry Johnson began to fight back, killing one German soldier with his rifle at point blank range.

A second German rushed towards him, firing a pistol and wounding him in the thigh and foot. Johnson swung his rifle by the barrel and clubbed him senseless. Richard Slotkin, Historian: He pulls out this what he calls a bolo knife which is a heavy two-bladed knife. Narrator: As the Germans retreated, Johnson kept throwing grenades, until he passed out from loss of blood. He had been wounded more than 20 times, mostly from gunshots.

Richard Slotkin, Historian: When the light dawns the following day, there are half a dozen corpses of German soldiers and blood trails marking another half dozen wounded who have crawled away through the wire. Narrator: The next morning, a proud William Hayward arranged for a group of reporters to be escorted to the scene of the fighting.

The white press is a little more given to stereotype and minstrel-sy. And the black press on the other hand builds him up into this super human hero that is emblematic of all black manhood and all black potential. They were the war heroes that black America had been searching for.

Jeffrey Sammons, Historian: This is a monumental event for the morale of the regiment and also for their self-confidence. It was proof of what they were capable of doing. Narrator: Out of all the publicity, the press conjured up a nickname for the regiment.

And they asked him what the war had done for him. He had lived his whole life in this corner of coastal Virginia and being dropped into the current of world events had made him realize he was a global subject.

I think his answer and his experience stands in for all of the folks for whom the war for democracy was really about defining what it meant to be an American. Narrator: As Americans were beginning to fight and die in France, the war was also generating casualties at home.

An Indiana farmer named James Goepfrich had to take refuge in the county jail when a mob found out that he had threatened a Liberty Loan committee at his front door. A mob formed and stripped Prager of most of his clothes, dragged him through the streets, and hanged him from a tree. The Washington Post celebrated the murder. Kennedy, Historian: Big parts of the American public lost their minds about the nature of the society they lived in and the threat they faced from their neighbors who happened to have German names.

Narrator: Rather than reining in the violence, the federal government took steps that fueled the climate of hysteria sweeping the country.

Richard Rubin, Writer: The maximum sentence was twenty years, for going to a bar and grumbling about food restrictions to somebody who was sitting next to you at the bar. Or even saying that you thought the uniforms looked ridiculous or questioning what we were really fighting for.

Anything at all that might interfere with the war effort, with morale of troops. Scott Berg, Writer: The Sedition Act is probably the greatest suppression of free speech that the country has ever seen. Wilson had a very firm conviction that he was going to do everything he could to protect his fighting men. Jay Winter, Historian: A draft which forced people to put on a uniform is a very severe curtailment of the liberty of individuals.

For Wilson the nation has to be united in order to justify this possible death sentence. Civil liberties became a price that had to be paid in order for a democratic nation to wage war. Narrator: The passing of the Sedition Act prompted a wave of new crackdowns and arrests.

A poet who wrote a satirical piece about the United States was imprisoned. When a Bavarian waiter cursed the slow speed of the New York City subway, he was promptly arrested. The conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra supposedly refused to play the Star Spangled Banner and found himself in an internment camp. No one was safe from the reach of the new law.

Michael Kazin, Historian: Debs is a symbol of unending opposition to the war. But the Justice Department decides he has to be cracked down on at this point. Narrator: Wilson denounced the radical leader. He adopted the most stringent methods to limit dissent and limit resistance to the war effort.

Richard Rubin, Writer: Wilson was a man who was able to carry two contradictory ideas in his mind at the same time and not go crazy. He absolutely had no qualms doing what he did at home, all the while waging a war to make the world safe for democracy. All the while he had steadfastly refused to allow his men to fight under French command. But the situation on the Western Front threatened to force his hand.

During a tour of the battlefield, Pershing shared a meal with a French general and his staff. Elite storm troopers penetrated Allied lines, allowing German divisions to pour through the break, rupturing the stalemate that had existed for years.

Now German troops had advanced to within striking distance of Paris. A the business activity, the resources it affects, the people who participate B the business activity, the transactions it creates, the impact on the financial statements C the inputs, outputs and processes used D who is involved, what was sold, how much was paid Answer: Page Ref: 26 Objective: Learning Objective 2 Difficulty : Easy AACSB: Analytic 12 The issuing of a purchase order is part of which transaction cycle?

B receiving report. C delivery ticket. D credit memo. B source documents. C source data automation. D transaction documents. B source data automation was used to capture data.

C documents have been used in order. D company policies were followed. B logically related data can be grouped in the same area of the document.

C they provide directions and steps for completing the form. D All of the above are correct. B all source documents were recorded. C adjusting entries are not required. D no errors exist in the subsidiary ledger. B attribute account. C entity account. D control account. B block codes. C group codes. D mnemonic codes. A Codes should be consistent with intended use. B Codes should allow for growth. C Codes should be as simple as possible.

D Codes should be customized for each division of an organization. B begin with account C utilize only one coding technique. D contain sufficient detail to meet the information needs of the organization. B a drawing account. C retained earnings. B specialized journals. C posting references.

D subsidiary ledgers. B simplifies the process of recording large numbers of repetitive transactions. C records all detailed data for any general ledger account that has individual sub-accounts. D contains summary-level data for every account of the organization. B begins with the general journal. C is automatically created in every computer-based information system.

D is a summary of recorded transactions. A A master file is conceptually similar to a ledger in a manual AIS. B A master file stores cumulative information. C A master file exists across fiscal periods. A Batch processing ensures that stored information is always current. B Batch input is more accurate than on-line data entry.

C On-line batch processing is a combination of real-time and batch processing. D Batch processing not frequently used. B batch processing. C online batch processing. D real-time batch processing. B Both traditional financial measures and operational data are required for proper and complete evaluation of performance.

C The AIS was often just one of the information systems used by an organization to collect and process financial and nonfinancial data. D Traditionally, most AIS have been designed so that both financial and operational data are stored in a manner that facilitates their integration in reports.

What is the best way for CYC to ensure that sales data entry is efficient and accurate? Each month PTTP mails bills to 70, households and then processes payments as they are received.

What is the best way for this business to ensure that payment data entry is efficient and accurate? It is a sole proprietorship that stocks an inventory of between 80 and different products. Inventory is updated in real time by the AIS. When designing a chart of accounts for this business, what is the minimum number of digits necessary to represent the general ledger account code, including subsidiary ledgers?

This is an example of A internal financial information. B internal nonfinancial information. C external financial information. D external nonfinancial information. Since , the owner, Glamdring Elfthrall, has leveraged computer technology to provide a superior level of customer service. Price information and condition are also provided for each inventory item. In this database, the price of figures is a an A entity. B attribute. C field. D record.

In this database, the data about an individual figure is a an A entity. In this database, action figures collectively are a an A entity. His job includes updating accounts receivable based on sales orders and remittance advices. C financing cycle. D production cycle. His job includes updating accounts payable based on purchase orders and checks.

Dolores Yu operates a payroll processing business in Calabasas, California. B block code. C data code. D sequence code. B changing customer addresses. C removing inventory items no longer offered. D adding the name of a new vendor. A Alexis uses a computerized information system to keep track of all the financial data generated by her bakery. She is considering opening a new bakery on the east side of town. B Betty has a system that keeps track of the accounts payable and receivable for her plumbing business.

At the end of the year, the system helps her to prepare her taxes in just two hours. C Charlie keeps records of all his business records in a shoe box. Each week he enters all of the data into spreadsheets that automatically generate purchase orders, based on predetermined inventory reorder points.

Production quotas for the coming week are also automatically generated based on customer orders. D Doug is a free-lance photographer. He keeps records of all expenses and revenues on his cell phone and then emails them to himself every month. The files are stored on his personal computer and backed up to CD quarterly. B monthly depreciation adjustments.

C annual closing entries. D stock issuance transactions. An enterprising seller of t-shirts has devised a series of designs that capture the spirit of the event in silk-screened splendor. His employees can be found on many of the major intersections hawking his wares out of the backs of station wagons and pickup trucks. What is the best way for this business to ensure that sales data entry is efficient and accurate?

B weekly credit and cash sales comparison. C low inventory level. D expense variances outside acceptable range. A The audit trail is intended to verify the validity and accuracy of transaction recording. B The audit trail consists of records stored sequentially in an audit file.

C The audit trail provides the means for locating and examining source documents. D The audit trail is created with document numbers and posting references. B resources affected by the business activity. C people who participate in the business activity. D place the business activity occurs. A Online real-time processing does not store data in a temporary file. B Batch processing cannot be used to update a master file. C Control totals are used to verify accurate processing in both batch and online batch processing.

D Online real-time processing is only possible with source data automation. B purchase to pay. C financial. D customer relationship management. A The AIS is best utilized for financial data while the management information system is best utilized for operational data. C Both financial and nonfinancial data are required for proper and complete evaluation of organizational performance.

D Most source documents capture both financial and nonfinancial data about business transactions. What controls are embedded in source documents?

Give two examples of source documents. Describe design and control considerations for each of the data collection methods. B narrative descriptions. C logic charts. D oral descriptions from management. B right-hand margin. C written narrative accompanying the flowchart. D title of the flowchart.

B include all storage files, even if they are only temporary. C uniquely name all data flows. D sequentially number process bubbles. B are unique to the organization creating the flowchart. C are normally drawn using a flowcharting template. D eliminate the need for narrative descriptions or explanations. D prepare and understand all types of system documentation. B requires public companies to prepare an annual internal control report.

C mandates that auditors must be able to prepare, evaluate and read documentation tools such as flowcharts. A Documentation tools save an organization both time and money. B Documentation tools are used extensively in the systems development process. C Data flow diagrams and flowcharts are the two most frequently used systems development documentation tools. D Data flow diagrams and flowcharts are difficult to prepare and revise using software packages.

B is a graphical description of the flow of documents and information between departments or areas of responsibility. C is a graphical description of the relationship among the input, processing, and output in an information system. D is a graphical description of the sequence of logical operations that a computer performs as it executes a program.

B transformation process. C data flow. D data destination. B an arrow. C a square. D two horizontal lines. B an arrow pointing in. C arrows pointing both ways. D no arrows, only two horizontal lines. B a circle. C two horizontal lines. D an arrow. B data out-flows only. C data flows both into or out of a process. D always being followed by a data store.

B data elements flow at different times. C data elements flow to different locations. D there is no guideline on use of single or multiple arrows. B overview diagram.

C content diagram. D context diagram. A If a document is moved from one column to another, show the document only in the last column.

B Each manual processing symbol should have an input and an output. C Do not connect two documents when moving from one column to another. D Use a manual processing symbol to indicate a document being filed.

A A document flowchart illustrates the sequence of logical operations performed by a computer. B A document flowchart is particularly useful in analyzing the adequacy of internal control procedures. C A document flowchart should ignore control processes and actions. D A document flowchart is not normally used in the systems design process.

B a document flowchart. C a system flowchart. D a program flowchart. C computer operation. D decision diamond. Donations of food are recorded in a database and a receipt is provided to the donor. When food is used, the database is updated so that it always reflects the amounts and types of food that are available. In a data flow diagram, which type of symbol would be used to represent donors?

In a data flow diagram, which type of symbol would be used to represent the processing of donations? In a data flow diagram, which type of symbol would be used to represent the storage location of data in the system? In a data flow diagram, which type of symbol would be used to represent the process of updating inventory records in the system?

In a data flow diagram, which type of symbol would be used to represent the flow of data from the donor into the system? Within hours after the Scruggs make a purchase, they have photographed it, written a description of it, and posted it for sale on eBay with a reservation price. Anything that does not sell is shipped back to Austin, Texas, for display in The House of Curiosities, a retail business that the Scruggs operate during the balance of the year.

Which symbol should be used to represent eBay in a context diagram of this process? Which symbol should be used to represent the preparation of data for submission to eBay in a context diagram of this process? Anything that does not sell within a week is shipped back to Austin, Texas, for display in The House of Curiosities, a retail business that the Scruggs operate during the balance of the year.

Which symbol should be used to represent the transfer of data to eBay in a context diagram of this process? Which symbol should be used to represent the remote server that is used to store data while the Scruggs are traveling? He has been asked to thoroughly document the existing accounting information system in preparation for making recommendations for improvements to internal controls.

He decides to begin with a description of the information stored in paper records, their sources, and their destinations. The documentation tool that he should employ for this purpose is a A data flow diagram.

B document flowchart. C system flowchart. D program flowchart. He has been asked to document the existing accounting information system, and focus on the activities and flow of data between activities. He decides to begin with a summary description of the sources and uses of data in the organization and how they are processed by the system. He has been asked to thoroughly document the existing accounting information system in preparation for making recommendations for improvements.

He decides to begin by meeting with the information technology staff in order to develop an understanding of the computer programs used by the system. He decides to begin by meeting with the information technology staff in order to develop an understanding of the overall operation of the AIS, including data entry, storage, and output. Which one of the following diagrams represents this activity? Decisions are stored online, processed on the server, and then the results are stored online.

They are then downloaded by students in preparation for the next round. A Program flowcharts are a high-level overview of all business processes.

B Program flowcharts document the processing logic of computer programs. C A program flowchart will exist for every computer process symbol on a system flowchart. D Program flowcharts increase computer programmer productivity. B processes, but not the data that flows between processes. C who is performing processes, but not how they perform the process.

D who is performing processes, but not the data that flows between processes. A data store. B data source. D data source and destination. Select one from your list and describe why it could be the most important one to consider when preparing a DFD.

Support your choice with an example. Select one from your list and describe why it could be the most important one to consider when preparing a flowchart. B many interconnected files.

C many separate files. D a decentralized database. B every table must be related to all other tables. C one table must be related to at least one other table. D one table must be related to all other tables.

B a lack of sophisticated file maintenance software. C multiple users. D multiple master files. A Transaction files are similar to ledgers in a manual AIS. B Multiple master files create problems with data consistency.

C Transaction files are permanent. D Individual records are never deleted in a master file. B database administrator. C database system. D database manager. C database manager. D database master. B how the DBMS accesses data for a certain application program.

C how and where the data are physically arranged and stored. D how master files store data values used by more than one application program. B schema. C database management system. D internal level.

B internal-level schema. C conceptual-level schema. D logical view of the database. C external-level schema. D meta-schema. B subschema. C internal-level schema. D external-level schema. B by the database administrator.

C by the database programmers. D by top management. B synonyms for the data items in a particular file. C outputs where a data element is used. D the schemas included in a database.

A The DBMS automatically creates application software for users, based on data dictionary parameters. B report generator.

C report creator. D report printer. B data dictionary. C physical view. D schema. B an insert anomaly. C a delete anomaly. D a memory anomaly. B insert anomaly. C inconsistency anomaly.

D delete anomaly. C integrity anomaly. D an integrity anomaly. B is usually easily detected by users. C restricts the addition of new records. D prevents users from deleting outdated data from records or tables. B restricts addition of new fields or attributes. C results in records that cannot be updated. D is usually easily detected by users.

B referential integrity rule. C unique primary key rule. D foreign key rule. C rule of keys. C logical view. D consistency integrity rule. A Every column in a row must be single-valued. B All non-key attributes in a table should describe a characteristic about the object identified by the primary key.

C Foreign keys, if not null, must have values that correspond to the value of a primary key in another table. D Primary keys can be null. A Data is consistent. B Redundancy is minimized and controlled. C All data is stored in one table or relation. D The primary key of any row in a relation cannot be null.

B the delete anomaly will not apply since all customer records will be maintained indefinitely. C everything is initially stored in one large table. D the data will not be maintained in 3NF tables.

Answer: Page Ref: 97 Objective: Learning Objective 5 Difficulty : Moderate AACSB: Analytic 40 The database design method in which a designer uses knowledge about business processes to create a diagram of the elements to be included in the database is called A normalization.

B decentralization. C geometric data modeling. D semantic data modeling. A Semantic data modeling facilitates the efficient design of databases. B Semantic data modeling facilitates communicating with the intended users of the system. C Semantic data modeling allows a database designer to use knowledge about business processes to design the database.

D Semantic data modeling follows the rules of normalization in the design of a database. A Double-entry accounting relies on redundancy as part of the accounting process but well-designed database systems reduce and attempt to eliminate redundancy.

B Relational DBMS query languages will allow financial reports to be prepared to cover whatever time periods managers want to examine.

D Relational DBMS can accommodate multiple views of the same underlying data; therefore, tables storing information about assets can include data about both historical and replacement costs.

A replacement of the double entry-system B change in the nature of financial reporting C elimination of traditional records such as journals and ledgers D quicker access to and greater use of accounting information in decision-making Answer: Page Ref: Objective: Learning Objective 1 Difficulty : Moderate AACSB: Reflective Thinking. One table will store the name, birth date, and other characteristics of all of the marmosets that have been registered.

Each marmoset is uniquely identified by a registration number. A second table will contain data that link each marmoset to its male and female parents by means of their registration numbers. The primary key in the first table is: A name B birth date C a foreign key in the second table. D the primary key in the second table.

His home and place of business is a garage in the harbor district of Seattle, Washington. He has meticulous records of every job he has ever done, carefully handwritten with the customer name and address, a description of the job, and an attached picture of the bike or body part before and after customization.

His unique style has recently attracted the attention of national media after several celebrities sought him out and showcased his work. Business is booming. Consequently, Scuz has hired you to construct an accounting information system, beginning with the historical records. As you read through the records, you notice that some customer last names have different first names in different records. For example, R. Framington Farnsworth custom chopper , Bob Farnsworth tattoo , and Snake Farnsworth tattoos and piercings all seem to be the same person.

This is an example of what type of problem in the existing records? As you read through the records, you notice that some describe multiple services. For example, Sheila Yasgur notation: won lottery got a custom chopper, multiple tattoos, and piercings in undisclosed locations no pictures. You realize that, in these cases, a single written record will have to be translated into multiple sales records.

You explain to Scuz that every customer must be identified by a unique customer number in the AIS. You are referring to the A entity integrity rule. C update anomaly. D insert anomaly. You begin development of the relational database that will form the core of the AIS by envisioning the record stored in a single table with a column that represents each attribute.

You then begin to break this table down into smaller tables. This process is called A integration. B optimization. C minimization. D normalization. Her company has provided her with a laptop computer that uses wireless connectivity to access the accounting information system from virtually anywhere in the country.

She, and the other sales reps, have access to view customer and product information. They have access that allows them to enter and cancel customer orders. After noting that the production and sales departments use database systems that are entirely separated, she recommends that they be combined.

Implementation of her recommendation would benefit the company by contributing to data A independence. B integration.

C redundancy. D qualifications. He has meticulous records of every job he has ever done. Scuz wants his accountant to engage in A customer auditing. B customer resource management.

C data mining. D enterprise resource planning. When a client is placed with an employer, a record is created that identifies the employment relationship. CF follows up on placements by surveying both employers and clients about the employment experience and then entering the results into the AIS.

Clients are uniquely identified by social security number. In records that contain client survey data,the social security number number is likely to be A the primary key. B a foreign key. C combined with other data fields to form a primary key. D null. A Quantity would be generated from the Sales table. B would be a primary key in the Sales table. C Unit Price would be generated from the Inventory table.

D Hardware City is an example of a non-key data value in the Customer table. What is the role of accountants in development of schemas? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Design at least three tables that would be needed to capture data for a sales transaction. Each table should include a primary key, three non-key attributes, and foreign keys as necessary. Make up data. B losses are absolutely unpreventable.

C there are a large number of major disasters every year. D disaster planning has largely been ignored in the literature. B Inflating bank balances by transferring money among different bank accounts. C Increasing expenses to conceal that an asset was stolen.

D Stealing small amounts of cash, many times over a period of time. B releasing data to unauthorized users. C allowing computer users to test software upgrades. D storing backup tapes in a location where they can be quickly accessed.

B insiders know more about the system and its weaknesses than outsiders. C outsiders are more likely to get caught than insiders. D insiders have more need for money than outsiders. B internal auditors. C accident. D hotline tip.

After a lengthy discussion Coleen agrees to invest. Eight months later, Coleen and Amy have a falling out. In order for Coleen to sue Amy for fraud, all the following must be true except A Amy told Coleen she had worked at a floral shop for several years, when in fact she did not have any prior experience in floral retail. D Before Coleen invested, Amy prepared a detailed business plan and sales forecasts, and provided Coleen with copies.

B use trickery or lies to gain the confidence and trust of others at the organization they defraud. C become bolder and more greedy the longer the theft remains undetected. D begin to rely on stolen amounts as part of their income.

B accelerating recognition of revenue. C delaying recording of expenses. D overstating inventory. B detect all material fraud. C alert the Securities and Exchange Commission of any fraud detected. D take all of the above actions. B misstatement fraud. C fraudulent financial reporting.

D audit failure fraud. They found that A few differences exist between white-collar criminals and the general public. B white-collar criminals eventually become violent criminals. C most white-collar criminals invest their illegal income rather than spend it. D most white-collar criminals are older and not technologically proficient.

A a feeling of not being appreciated B failing to receive a deserved promotion C believing that their pay is too low relative to others around them D having a spouse injured in a car accident and in the hospital for several weeks Answer: Page Ref: Objective: Learning Objective 3 Difficulty : Moderate AACSB: Analytic.

The stage that often takes most time and effort would include A stealing inventory from the warehouse. B selling stolen inventory to get cash. C lapping accounts receivable. D creating false journal entries to overstate revenue.

This is known as A lapping. B misappropriation of assets. C kiting. D concealment. A placing excessive trust in key employees B inadequate staffing within the organization C unclear company policies D All of the above situations make it easy for someone to commit a fraud.

B an illegal act in which knowledge of computer technology is essential. C any act in which cash is stolen using a computer.

D an illegal act in which a computer is an integral part of the crime. B alter monthly bank statements before reconciliation.

C alter monthly physical inventory counts to reconcile to perpetual inventory records. D record phony payments to vendors. B massive fraud can be committed in only seconds, leaving little or no evidence. C most perpetrators invest their illegal income rather than spend it, thus concealing key evidence. D most computer criminals are older and are considered to be more cunning when committing such a fraud. A Rarely is cash stolen in computer fraud.

B The fraud may leave little or no evidence it ever happened. C Computers provide more opportunities for fraud. D Computer fraud perpetrators are just more clever than other types of criminals. A Major fraud is a public relations nightmare. B Fraud is difficult, costly, and time-consuming to investigate and prosecute.

C Law enforcement and the courts are often so busy with violent crimes that little time is left for fraud cases. B unauthorized use of computers. C tampering with or copying software. D forging documents like paychecks. B alter computer output. C modify the processing. D corrupt the database. B output theft. C download fraud. D fraudulent financial reporting. A While straightening the store at the end of the day, a shoe store employee finds and keeps an expensive pair of sunglasses left by a customer.

B An executive devised and implemented a plan to accelerate revenue recognition on a long-term contract, which will allow the company to forestall filing for bankruptcy. The executive does not own any stock, stock options or grants, and will not receive a bonus or perk because of the overstated revenue.

C A purchasing agent places a large order at higher-than-normal unit prices with a vendor that gave the agent tickets to several football games. A tape used to store system data backups was lost while it was being transported to an offsite storage location.

She called a meeting of her technical staff to discuss the implications of the loss. Which of the following is most likely to relieve her concerns over the potential cost of the loss? A The shipper has insurance that will reimburse ISC for the cost of the tape. B ISC has a copy of the tape onsite, so a new copy for storage offsite can easily be prepared. C The tape was encrypted and password protected. D ISC has a comprehensive disaster recovery plan.

B require all employees to take annual vacations. C explain to employees that fraud is illegal and that it will be severely punished. D monitor employee bank accounts and net worth. The customer accepted the excuse and drove away. The teller pocketed the difference between the two payments. The teller continued to steal and misapply customer payments for the next two years without detection.

Identify the type of fraud scheme described. Describe five controls you would implement to address the fraud risk, and label each control as preventive or detective. In early March, Wally received an email from the firm that explained that there had been a computer error and that provided a phone number so that Wally could verify his customer information.

When he called, a recording asked that he enter the code from the email, his account number, and his social security number. After he did so, he was told that he would be connected with a customer service representative, but the connection was terminated. He contacted the brokerage company and was informed that they had not sent the email.

Wally was a victim of A Bluesnarfing. B splogging. C vishing. D typosquatting. B dumpster diving. C eavesdropping. D piggybacking. B skimming. C Internet auction fraud. D cyber extortion.

B data diddle. C logic bomb. D virus. B eavesdropping. C masquerading. D phishing. B crackers. C phreakers. D jerks. B A denial of service attack occurs when an e-mail message is sent through a re-mailer, who removes the message headers making the message anonymous, then resends the message to selected addresses.

C A denial of service attack occurs when a cracker enters a system through an idle modem, captures the PC attached to the modem, and then gains access to the network to which it is connected. B hijacking. C phreaking. D sniffings. B identity theft. C packet sniffing. B data leakage. C hacking. A dumpster diving B by use of a Trojan horse C using a telescope to peer at paper reports D electronic eavesdropping on computer monitors Answer: Page Ref: Objective: Learning Objective 2 Difficulty : Easy AACSB: Analytic 14 The deceptive method by which a perpetrator gains access to the system by pretending to be an authorized user is called A cracking.

B masquerading. D superzapping. D sniffing. B unauthorized copying of company data such as computer files. C unauthorized access to a system by the perpetrator pretending to be an authorized user.

D changing data before, during, or after it is entered into the system in order to delete, alter, or add key system data. B software that monitors whether spies are looking at the computer. C software that monitors computing habits and sends the data it gathers to someone else.

B a trap door. C the salami technique. B data diddling. C using a trap door. B spyware. C trap door. D Trojan horse. The firm has a very strict policy of requiring all users to change their passwords every sixty days.

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