Discover amazing local deals on Wood turning lathes for sale ✅ Quick & hassle-free shopping with Gumtree, your local buying & selling community. When it comes to wood turning lathes, our knowledge and selection is second to none. We offer a large selection of lathes ranging from JET mini lathes for pen turning to large bowl turning lathes like the Powermatic C and everything in between. Choose from industry leading brands like Powermatic, JET, Laguna, Oneway, Robust, and Rikon. NEED HELP?. Woodworking lathes for all your turning needs. Shop Jet, Laguna, Nova, Powermatic, Excelsior & more online and in-store.  Stationary Lathes. Ideal for turning: ✓ Baseball Bats ✓ Platters ✓ Beefy Table Legs ✓ Hollow Vases. Mini Lathes. Ideal for turning: ✓ Pens ✓ Pizza Cutters ✓ Ice Cream Scoops ✓ Small Bowls. Create with confidence.  Checkout using your account. * Indicates a required field. Email Address. Password. Securely login to our website using your existing Amazon details. Sign In. Forgot Your Password?. This is called work hardening. The first, carbon steels, consist of iron and carbon, and contain no significant quantities of other metals. The process is perfectly legal, as the sizes of all parts remain I-t's hard "to used wood turning lathes uk qr code. Challenges can often occur during the planning application stages of a new system, he adds, when external agencies can insist on certain criteria being met, altering the internal design. Your calves and lambs certainly deserve the very best start in life! The Aerostar-Rotation is available in 3, 6, 9 and 12m versions.

Improving health, wellbeing and safety of farm staff The agricultural industry still accounts for a fifth of all worker fatalities, with a death toll that is 18 times higher than the all-industry rate. Zara Frankton, Severn Trent senior biodiversity coordinator, says that individuals, groups, and businesses in the region can apply for funding, as.

We need these to be up and running by the spring to give habitat and other wildlife the best chance to thrive. Agricultural doors Steel roller shutters — galvanised and powder coated Insulated roller shutters for cold stores Pass door and steel hinged door sets High speed rapid roll doors Insulated sectional doors. News in brief Manufacturer donates to two local farming charities Cambridgeshire-based ag-chem manufacturer De Sangosse chose to support two local charities with a farming connection in Snakehall Farm is a working farm, selling its produce around the community.

The Prospects Trust, its staff and co-workers faced the most difficult year last year in its year history due to the challenges of Covid Despite this, it managed to stay open and continue to. Yana is a charity that was set up specifically to offer mental health support for those involved in farming and rural businesses in Norfolk, Suffolk and Worcestershire, which have been affected by stress and depression.

Audience members will have an opportunity to submit questions, some of which will be answered live during the event. Funds raised from ticket sales will. Fr has released some tantalising preview images of a product it has been working on for the last four years. Downs is planning to run three or four machines this season in Europe and, if all goes to plan,. The machine will analyse the whole surface of the potato across the full degrees, and be able to remove unrequired product through one of three exits.

It also promised to give the customer a very accurate record of the size and quality of their potatoes. Openfield not only performed well for its members but also positioned itself confidently to face into the challenging harvest.

As a result, the profit was impacted by the restructure of its operations and investment in new logistics software and systems that will reduce future costs and further improve member service.

We have proactively restructured our operations to prepare for a small crop year in We have also invested to improve our logistics capability which will further improve our member service. This means that we are able to look forward with confidence as harvest volumes for are expected to increase.

Against this background we delivered excellent results in our grain marketing pools which, coupled with managed risk, continued to demonstrate the value of these marketing options. New shug couplings extend range New shug couplings from Tramspread have been launched to safely cope with the increased size and capacity of modern umbilical systems.

The custom-made, branded, shug couplings are fabricated from anodised aluminium and enable longer drags to be completed safely. The strength of the shug design enables the safe construction of longer drags for contractors or farmers who need to cover long distances. Heather Briggs reports. Integrated Pest Management is a sustainable approach to pest management — including weed and insect pests, slugs and fungal diseases — using a range of tools and techniques.

These include rotations, soil cultivations, resistant varieties amongst others, the audience was told. Integrated weed management IWM is part of IPM, and looks at the optimal combination of chemical herbicides with cultural control options, explained weed management specialist at Rothamsted Research, Dr Jon Storkey right. In addition, growing recognition of the limitations of herbicides, particularly as the number of effective active ingredients declines owing to legislation and herbicide resistance, highlights the need to define IWM and make it accessible to as many people as possible, he commented.

In addition, there may be soil health and carbon issues that need to be mitigated if herbicides are replaced with cultivation. Dr Storkey highlighted the need to consider prevention rather than relying on control when weeds occur. We have ended up with weeds becoming more of a problem. However, in the longer term, there will be fewer. The tool has been devised from a survey followed by stakeholder discussions, and includes preventative measures and weed suppression practices, such as rotations, soil cultivation strategies and the use of cover crops.

The aim is to help growers assess their practices and offer insights on practices followed by high-scoring farmers. Growers with good relationships with their advisers and understanding of what IPM is all about, are more likely to adopt IPM practices, said Dr Creissen. This may suggest there is a need to adjust the terminology used to be more embracing and easier to understand, he noted.

In order to drive further uptake of IPM practices, we must ensure that IPM advice is clear, consistent, honest and evidence-based. Email: technical. Roundup contains Glyphosate.

All rights reserved. Active substance approvals due to expire between January and December will be extended for three years to help smooth the path to a national regime, he said, adding that Northern Ireland will continue to follow EU rules on approvals. A UK National Action Plan is currently being drafted, and he encouraged all stakeholders to contribute to the consultation when it is issued.

This is aimed at ensuring the continuation of robust regulations. IWM and black-grass — a farmer perspective Integrated weed management has been key to beating back the black grass threat for Peterboroughbased farmer, Hannah Darby. Over-reliance on postemergence herbicides, along with soil disturbance bringing viable weed seeds to the surface, and a primarily arable rotation focused on winter crops, had led to high black-grass levels.

Drilling was delayed to allow a flush of black-grass which could be dealt with. Although weeds germinate in the cover crop, they are destroyed when it is all sprayed off before the cash crop is drilled. Spring beans and peas provide a break from cereals, and while herbicide options for these crops are limited, by being planted in.

Spring oats were chosen for their ability to out-compete black-grass through their aggressiveness and tall canopy. As yet, decisions have not been made on whether to grow it in Sugar beet was interrow hoed, but this changed in as stubble was left on the surface and then rotovated. Long-running farm-scale trials provide encouraging disease control results While weather provides the greatest challenge for many arable systems, for one particular farmer based in the south west, high annual rainfall creates a hotbed of cereal disease.

On-farm trials are providing vital knowledge and encouraging results. The ha farm is mostly down to autumn-sown combinable crops, which are block-cropped and used to support their intensive beef finishing enterprise. With an average annual rainfall of around 1,mm, too much rain is the main constraint to yields on the farm — particularly with regard to control of fungal disease.

Septoria isolates in the area are as aggressive as those in Ireland, and the farm also lies in a rhyncosporium hotspot. Mr Hambly has been using Revystar XE in tramline trials for the past two seasons; in Graham winter wheat in and last year in KWS Cassia winter barley, comparing it with his farm standard approach.

The entire trial received a T1 of Siltra Xpro 0. The farm standard provided a robust programme for the control of rhyncosporium, with the addition of CTL for ramularia. The Revystar XE-treated area produced 7. We know that septoria is a pathogen that will continue to evolve, and the strongest line of defence will always be to use a combination of the best tools available. Revystar XE performs exceptionally well under field conditions, even under lower pressure scenarios like those encountered by many in Of great comfort is its strength in high septoria scenarios, like those Mr Hambly experiences.

Even though Revystar XE has classleading curative activity when required, applying it at the correct timing and at an appropriate dose is crucial. Research over a number of years has shown there is a good yield response from Revystar XE in even the most resistant varieties.

Effectively utilising the strongest genetics alongside the strongest chemistry in Revystar XE is a powerful opportunity to maximise crop potential in a sustainable way. It is outstanding at both preventative and curative performance against Septoria and other diseases. Its performance stood the test of time and weather across all varieties. Always read the label and product information before use.

For further product information including warning phrases and symbols, you can refer to agricentre. Effective weed control in potatoes Apply residual herbicides early at high dose rates for a strong start to programmes, says one Shropshire agronomist.

Despite several high-profile product withdrawals in recent years, excellent levels of early season weed control in potatoes can still be achieved by choosing the right mix of chemicals, reckons Agrovista agronomist, Ross Barton pictured.

In Soleto and aclonifen there are now two pre-emergence options that offer effective solutions. Neither have soil type or varietal restrictions so building programmes around them is a good starting point.

In terms of the contact herbicide, I would then advise waiting as late as possible, just before the ridges crack — applying it as a separate spray.

Separating the two sprays enables better overall risk management. Regarding contact herbicides, Mr Barton sees Gozai pyraflufen-ethyl as a solid choice. Applied on its own, at 0. Aided by a timely, warm dry summer that partly helped to senesce potato crops he successfully trialled several knockdown strategies and was pleased with the overall results.

Flailand-spray worked extremely well for most. The key is to utilise all the actives at your disposal and put crop safety and flexibility at the forefront of programmes. We trialled a number of different knockdown sequences, but the best overall strategy proved to be applying 0. With With excellent excellent activity activity against against all all keykey diseases, diseases, particularly particularly Septoria Septoria and and rusts, rusts, butbut also also eyespot, eyespot, mildew mildew and and Fusarium, Fusarium, Ascra Ascra willwill keep keep your your crop crop clean clean through through to to harvest.

ForFor disease disease control control without without thethe drama, drama, you you only only have have to to Ascra. AscraXpro AscraXpro contains contains prothioconazole, prothioconazole, bixafen bixafen andand fluopyram. UseUse plant plant protection protection products products safely. Always Always read read thethe label label andand product product information information before before use.

PayPay attention attention to the to the riskrisk indications indications andand follow follow thethe safety safety precautions precautions on the on the label. ForFor further further information, information, including including contact contact details, details, visitvisit www. Prioritise targeting problem weeds with a post-em spray Wheat is coming out of winter in reasonable health, but farmers need to pay close attention to any weeds lurking in the crop to prevent infestations getting worse.

But not all the wheat has been treated. Oxfordshire-based agronomist Sam Clarke pictured left has noticed a similar pattern in his. Some of it went in very well, with time to roll and apply the pre-em. But as the weather deteriorated, spray days were at a premium. With several product options available in spring, accurately identifying weed type and population level is essential to selecting the right one. According to Mr Adkins, Pacifica Plus has a wide spectrum of control, so is good for a general spring-cleaning spray — but there are other options too, depending on the weed spectrum.

Mr Adkins advises applying to a dry or drying leaf with a fine—medium quality spray. Avoid windy conditions, because the spray has to land, settle and dry on the leaf to be effective. As spring emerges from the short, dark days of winter, so do the broad-leaved weeds that no oilseed rape grower wants to see poking above their crop.

Poppies, Mayweeds, Cleavers and Thistles can not only out-compete crops — left unchecked they can also cause harvest headaches and create a seed return to the soil which compounds the problem in future years.

A solid autumn programme will have kept key problem weeds at bay, but early spring is an important time to monitor the emerging burden in the field. Korvetto has excellent activity on the weeds that steal yield and cause issues at harvest. The added strength of Arylex in the formulation means Korvetto has unrivalled activity on those familiar red-faced weeds — Poppies, Mayweeds, Cleavers and Thistles — that become visible above the crop as the season progresses.

Enter now for free at corteva. Not only is it highly effective on a range of problem broad-leaved weeds, it provides outstanding control of key weeds such as Cleavers, Mayweeds and Thistles. Containing Arylex active, it works hard even in cool and warm spring conditions too. To clean up your broad-leaved weeds this spring, talk to your advisor or find out more at corteva.

Discover more at corteva. For further information including warning phrases and symbols refer to label. Team up with the weather Follow weather conditions to intervene at the right time under the best conditions. Mechanical weeders provide a flexible solution Terrington Machinery offers two imported machines for growers to control weed mechanically; the Einbock Aerostar-Exact and Aerostar-Rotation. Support wheels are adjusted so that the weeding elements run parallel to the soil during operation — they are positioned higher for increased soil working pressure or lower for less pressure.

The range starts at 1. The Aerostar-Rotation is a rotative weeder — rotating working tools uproot weeds to encourage tillering and cracking hard soil crusts if required. The star wheels are mounted inclined for more effective weed control, says Terrington. The wheels effectively manage crop residues, making the machine perfectly suited for mulch-tillage. The Aerostar-Rotation is also effective at low working speeds, reducing crop damage.

Featuring 6. The discs are mounted at a line distance of 15cm on 1. The inverted arrangement of these inclined mounted discs from the middle of the machine prevents any side-pull movement. The Aerostar-Rotation is available in 3, 6, 9 and 12m versions. FG Aerostar-Exact. Why a networked weather station? Users can view real-time weather data for their plots, detailed weather forecasts for up to 7 days, and their data history.

What is the benefit for the farmer? Interventions are planned at the optimal time to increase their efficiency. This improves the economic and environmental performance of his farm.

How does the farmer use the app and the stations? Take a look! Download the crop weather sheet sencrop. To what extent should regenerative agriculture be adopted on heavy ground? Regenerative agriculture based on the least possible tillage is attracting growing interest across the UK for the opportunities it offers to improve soil health and resilience, increase farmland biodiversity, and cut carbon emissions.

But can it be adopted across the board? Direct drilling experiences of the past make it essential to introduce regenerative techniques in a carefully-planned way, if a number of dangerous pitfalls are to be avoided, warns senior Agrii agronomist, Andrew Richards right , who chairs the national Soil and Water Management Centre at Harper Adams University. While he sees no-till farming as a viable and valuable goal for many growers, he is concerned about the speed with which farms are being tempted to ditch cultivation equipment without effectively paving the way for the change.

His concerns are born of bitter lessons learned in the s, when a wholesale move to minimum tillage swept across the country, largely driven by a sharp fall in wheat prices. But heavier machines resulted in even greater compaction. And black-grass, in particular, profited from both the impeded drainage and lack of burial, increasing the reliance on chemistry for control and, in turn, pressure on herbicide resistance.

Which drill to buy should be our very last question. Well, the first and most fundamental question is whether the land itself is suitable for no-till. Studies suggest that about per cent of the UK arable area could be managed in this way. But particularly careful consideration needs to be given to ground where permanent grass dominated before the food production drive of WWII, often in lower lying areas and without drainage systems.

For suitable land, the next. Or it might be necessary to make a larger investment in drainage, which is probably best done rotationally over time to spread both the cost and impact. Also, look Ebay Uk Used Wood Turning Lathes 40 at your organic matter content and consider incorporating manures before you cut back on tillage. But there is extensive trial evidence to show that roots alone are most unlikely to improve the structure more than marginally. And while cover cropping can build soil organic matter, this will be a very slow process.

In turn, this can have a positive impact on organic matter, soil structure and overall soil health without necessarily compromising margins. He illustrates what can be done with an exercise he ran recently with a client exploring a lower risk, regenerative rotational option for heavy land. Last season, spring beans after a winter cover crop failed to establish on one block of land, so the multi-species cover they were sown into was left to grow until the autumn.

This left a much better soil structure for the following wheat, making it a potential strategy for the future. Call your local dealer or Claydon now on For business users only. This does not constitute an offer and is not binding on DLL. All applicants must be 18 or over and credit is for UK registered businesses only subject to approval. Unless specified quoted price above does not include VAT. VAT needs to be repaid in full upfront.

Availability of financing is subject to approval by DLL and cannot be combined with any other campaign. Guarantees and indemnities may be required. This advertisement has been prepared for promotional purposes only.

It is not meant as advice on how any transaction or aspect of it should be qualified from a legal, tax, accounting or other perspective. We cannot guarantee that any information provided in this document is complete or accurate or fit for your purposes.

We recommend that you seek independent advice. The rotational restructuring also offered valuable reductions in the fixed costs involved — especially in cultivation and harvesting — and a considerable saving in inputs — particularly bagged nitrogen. Lifting the discs out of work on a cultivator drill can be valuable in reducing the level of tillage, too.

As can be changing from the likes of a Horsch Joker disc cultivator to a Horsch Cruiser tine machine capable of working at shallower depths. He has. The regenerative agricultural goal for most is to have an ultra-low disturbance disc drill as the sole establishment method.

While many are making this approach work once soils are well-structured and organic matter levels sufficient, he always advises growers to maintain some flexibility in their system to cater for a maritime climate that is becoming far less predictable.

Delivering essential nutrition with every nutrient in every granule. Cover cropping and direct drilling can really improve even difficult soils, but only if they are introduced carefully.

Source: Agrii MAP Benchmarking data; assuming cover crop improves soil health and nitrogen use efficiency less applied N , grazing mitigates cost of cover crops, reduced impact of take all on second wheats and no oilseed rape reduces slugs. Assess soils now for cover crop solutions Taking time to walk fields to assess soil health and plan suitable cover cropping remedies could pay even more than usual this winter, says Helen Wilson of RAGT Seeds.

Many fields were badly affected by compaction last season and may still be suffering. A return to early drilling in some areas last autumn also left little time for remedial work, which may have compounded the effect in some fields. This alone may be enough to replace mechanical intervention. If necessary, cover crops can also be used in combination with a suitable remedial cultivation, helping to maintain and develop soil porosity while raising organic matter.

The above cover crop mixes can also be overwintered if the field is intended for spring cropping. If there is no obvious soil structure problem, fertility issues and pest presence may be responsible for poor. Phacelia can be useful for scavenging nitrogen and releasing it back for the cash crop. It should be sown by the end of August or the beginning of September.

Legumes can be used to fix nitrogen. Vetches and clover ideally should be sown by mid August to give them enough time to fix sufficient nitrogen. Specialised high-glucosinolate mustard varieties can also be used to suppress potato and beet cyst nematodes as well as lesser-known cereal cyst nematodes.

Designed by farmers, the Claydon system significantly enhances soil health by leaving soil structure intact, not breaking it up with cultivations, so soils are able to support heavy machinery and earthworm populations flourish. Fields are better able to cope with extreme weather events: high rainfall is absorbed through the soil profile and crops can access moisture retained in the unturned soil during drought.

Capillary action is not interrupted, and water moves through the soil. Crop residue left on the surface attracts earthworms that process the straw, taking it into the soil where it is broken down, increasing organic matter content. It lifts and aerates the soil, alleviating localised compaction, improving drainage, and providing space to allow strong rooting structures to develop.

Claydon also offers a range of low disturbance kit options that can be swapped into the standard drill set up. This provides a cost-effective way of establishing crops when weather. Amongst the Claydon customers who say they have seen dramatic improvements in soil health is keen conservationist Lord David Kennedy. On his Morriston Farms in Ayrshire, replacing traditional methods of crop establishment with direct strip seeding has transformed the condition and productivity of soils, with a dramatic improvement in the resident worm population and significant environmental benefits.

Find out more at www. Dick Neale from Hutchinsons demonstrates how a good soil structure on the Claydon farm allows water to quickly drain down through the soil without surface ponding.

Great yields begin with a high-quality seedbed The Kelly Tillage System is a unique tillage tool designed by farmers, for farmers. Using shallow-tillage technology, the System enables farmers to create a better foundation for their crops by removing small weeds while keeping precious moisture in the soil profile. This is performed by the ground-engaging Kelly Disc Chains, such as CL1 and K4 Disc Chain options, which are proven to be highly effective against weeds, including the herbicide-resistant varieties and in tougher soil conditions, the company says.

Preserved moisture in the soil, along with a uniform seedbed, allow farmers to better establish their crops, resulting in an increased yield. An additional benefit which also results in an improved yield is effective weed control. Herbicide methods are proving less effective as time goes by, which calls for better solution-. This is highly beneficial for spring planting. Farmers can be confident that only the topsoil is disturbed, leaving the soil underneath untouched and preserved, creating a perfect starting platform for planting.

This ultimately results in creating a higher quality seedbed for an improved bottom line. Kelly says it stands by its commitment to providing farmers with an efficient solution to a perfect seedbed, all the while achieving practical weed control as well as promoting soil health advantages.

Achieving effective weed control while maintaining soil health has never been more imperative for UK farmers. While there is no perfect balance between applications, there is always the possibility to control the outcome of future yields through effectual shallow-tillage methods. Available in a shear bolt protected four- or six-tine configuration, the 3m mounted Awemak Atom Gt subsoiler bar, available from PFC, gives the ability to loosen soil to a depth of mm with its Hardox steel tips, while its integrated linkage allows it to either be used independently or with a linkage-mounted following cultivator.

To maximize the versatility, PFC suggests adding the Ares BTX30 discs, fitted with legs protected by rubber suspension bushes as standard. According to the company, the standard large circumference discs work well in heavy trash and chopped straw loading, but are equally suited for shallow. A number of standard features make the Ares BTX stand out, such as hydraulic working depth adjustment, active side screens, straw distribution tines and disc deflector boards for a level finish, and LED road lighting.

For further information and onfarm pricing, visit www. It is always better to wait for optimum seedbed conditions. The optimum sowing date for spring OSR is from mid-March to mid-April, with a firm but moist seedbed being the aim, he points out.

Ideally, you should be aiming for between 60— 80 seeds per m2 but this will depend on soil conditions and sowing date. Management differences Sarah Hawthorne, of seed breeder DSV, says there are also differences in management when it comes to crop nutrition.

Spring beans The area of spring beans sown in the UK is likely to be high again in , following the exceptionally wet autumn in The yield of certified seed crops was adversely affected in by the hot, dry summer. To make things worse, many certified seed crops of spring beans had to be rejected due to low germination. When using farm-saved spring beans, it is advisable to get them tested first.

The key tests are germination, stem nematode, ascochyta and thousand grain weight. Bean seed is often lower in germination than cereals — typically 80—90 per cent. This is usually acceptable for bean seed, as seed rates can be raised to off-set this. The sample should be free of stem nematode and ascochyta. Stem nematode can infect the soil, sometimes for over 10 years from infected seed, so a zero tolerance is advised here. Some farmers may be tempted to drill spring beans straight out of the barn.

However, it is vital to check that the sample is clean enough when considering this. Closer inspection often shows up a range of problems that need to be addressed. These include bits of pod, small seeds, broken seeds, diseased seeds, weed seeds and even bits of wood, stone and metal. These can cause problems in the drill, resulting in uneven establishment. Most spring bean seed is traditionally sown without a seed treatment. However, most growers who are using seed treatments that contain phosphites and trace elements are getting higher and more reliable yields.

The best crops of spring beans usually come from early sowing, as long as soil conditions are suitable to do so. Field peas The area of spring sown peas is relatively stable, but it might see an increase this spring as growers look for an alternative, profitable break crop. When farm-saving pea seed, it is advisable to get the seed tested first.

The key things to test for here are germination, ascochyta and thousand grain weight. Peas are usually grown for premium markets, often for human consumption.

A good yield of high quality is key to profitability with peas,. Where farmers are growing a variety that is susceptible to downy mildew, it is well worth using Wakil XL seed treatment to get the peas off to a good start. Products containing thiram have been withdrawn from use, so we no longer have a cheap fungicide to use as a seed treatment on peas.

Products containing phosphites and trace elements especially manganese, are useful to help get peas off to start. Peas are best sown into a good seedbed when temperatures are rising in the spring. Peas have a short growing season, and seedbed conditions are important to avoid growth being checked by adverse conditions.

Quality Seed Sourced from your farm Processed to your standard Ready when you are. Three new varieties pass tough test According to Elsoms Seeds vining pea and combinable crop manager, George Goodwin, the future varieties pipeline looks strong. New winter wheat varieties Merit and Astound, along with winter barley Bolton, all performed yellow mosaic virus BYMV resistant impressively during a very and is suitable for both heavy and challenging growing season, light land.

Following our recent comments Mr Goodwin right , on success with Jordan, the launch of behalf of the UK breeder.

Both work drilling dates, yielded per cent of controls in closely with farmer Peter Hewson of recent trials, and displayed excellent standing Wold Newton Farm, near Market Rasen, ability and lodging resistance in both treated who trialled both varieties.

Overall disease scores Despite the tough agronomic challenge of a were good, with a 6. With a consistent and attractive of the driest springs on record, the two profile, it should provide stern competition to both agronomists agree that the varieties Gravity and Graham.

With a high untreated yield, good septoria 23rd October, we were not able to get resistance at 6. Mr Goodwin. We Also new to the RL is applied two plant winter barley Bolton — one of the first varieties to growth regulators PGRs in mid-April and early May come through the Elsoms Ackermann breeding respectively, to stop the crop necking but, overall, program, aimed at providing the UK market with there were very few other concerns.

It offers a good balance between get the crop through and were rewarded with a high yield and good disease resistance, it is barley very clean crop with no lodging.

Bolton yielded. Final yield was excellent in view of the extreme weather and early grain samples showed a high quality, bold grain. The variety looked robust and showed no susceptibility to either rust or septoria — although admittedly this year was not a high septoria risk year. FG February www. After establishment, the most important factor for achieving high yield potential is high final tiller or ear counts.

Arable technical manager for Limagrain, Ron Granger revisits the key agronomic principles for the best establishment of the barley crop, and for maintaining high tiller counts for optimal yields.

Choose the right variety Variety choice is usually determined by the end-use or contract chosen. Higher yielding varieties such as LG Diablo can offer a significant yield advantage.

Newer malting varieties can also offer equivalent or better yield potential than many standard feed varieties. This, in combination with rising soil and air temperatures, will ensure rapid. Limagrain work shows that earlier drilling in the spring encourages higher yield potential but this is mainly on lighter, free draining land that will dry and warm up faster than heavier, wetter soil types.

Drilling early significantly increases the risk of disease, so choose varieties with strong disease resistance. This approach produced higher yields, without exceeding grain nitrogen percentage. Additional nitrogen input appears to be beneficial on the better soil types, but take care on lighter soils that are more prone to stress.

Higher-yielding varieties respond well to the higher nitrogen levels, as. Macronutrients such as phosphate, potash, magnesium and sulphur, have proved to be beneficial applied either in the seedbed or soon after drilling, to promote strong rooting and early plant growth. Manganese, zinc, copper, iron and boron, applied at the stem extension phase of growth into flowering, also help to ensure a healthy canopy and good ear fertility.

Tissue analysis of the young growing crop is useful for indicating shortfalls in nutrition and is relatively inexpensive if targeting a very high yielding crop. Early PGR applications are recommended on thick crops to promote additional rooting and strong uniform tillering. A minimum of two fungicide programmes should also be considered to maintain tiller number and keep the plant healthy. Soya UK have a ready market for 20, tonnes at these prices.

We invite all arable growers to consider growing with us in New varieties with the best yields, bean quality and early harvesting dates. Agronomy advice and grower support offered throughout the season. Pre-inoculated seed means all seed is delivered ready to use. We now have a good range of effective, low-cost herbicides for both broad-leaved and grass weed control.

No major pests or diseases. THE X7. What if you could pair productivity boosting technology, a great-looking, comfortable housing, a hp continuous variable transmission and fleet level remote diagnostics? Well, meet the X7. Book a demo today at tryitwedareyou. Precision technology specialist appoints two new UK resellers Farmers now have access to more localised precision farming support, with the appointment of two new Trimble resellers, covering East Anglia and northern England.

In the north, Manterra has specialised in SymAgri began covering Norfolk, Suffolk, precision agriculture for over a decade.

Mr Tew added. We will give your tractor a full GPS maintenance and data check. Business users only. Offer ends 31st March , subject to availability. Subject to acceptance and affordability checks. Applicant must be 18 or over.

Offer extended to 31st March , subject to availability. Available on new equipment only. Hourly payment profile is not available and is shown for illustration purposes only. The finance product offered under this promotion is Hire Purchase.

You will own the machine when all payment have been made. Alternative finance options are available. Warranty conditions apply, extended warranty for years 2,3 and 4 up to hours per annum. Terms and Conditions apply. Images are for illustrative purposes only. Registered in England No: Case study: Improvement of crop drying facilities In November , Tey Farm Systems was asked to convert an existing building with low volume ventilation into an on-floor drying system for a client in South Essex.

The improvement work involved. The company replaced paper filing with digital systems and created new videos for many of its products.

By the end of , SPA was working hard towards the Brexit deadline, making sure it had plenty of stock to allow for any delays in shipping come January Import and export of machines and spare parts have been an experiment so far, with varied results in both transit time and cost, but nothing too much of a problem to date The very late Brexit deal left a lot of questions unanswered until the last minute, but we are confident that the transport will settle down once the new systems are understood by everybody.

Tey Farms had to replace the rotten galvanised panels with concrete grain walling and erect a new lean-to fan house. The customer was decommissioning another store on the farm, so having fully refurbished the old fans, Mr Fairs and his team moved these to the new store along with the modulating burners.

In spite of the onset of Covid, Tey Farms was delighted to still complete on time and on budget for the client. Tel: Email: ask opico. As a designer, manufacturer and distributor of agricultural equipment and replacement parts, making sure our products at AGCO continue to get to our customers as and when they need them is our top priority. And, with a large nonproduction footprint in the UK with circa staff covering everything from sales and aftersales in the UK and Ireland, through to finance, legal and IT, we knew we had to be ready for the new rules from January Transition preparations have gone well considering the many facets of a company of our size, with communication and early planning key to a successful execution.

We saw this as a challenge and, while there were stumbling blocks, the logistics were fairly straightforward, and. AGCO found workarounds to keep products and customer support flowing. Check out the government resources that are in place to support your business at the gov. Find out more online at gov. The next few months may see challenges as everyone adapts to the new rules but, as a company and for agriculture as a whole, we remain optimistic.

Farming is one of the most passionate, sustainable and hardworking sectors, and we have a chance to reflect, gather our thoughts and move on to better things if everyone works together. There will be barriers, but this is an opportunity to make big decisions for ourselves.

So, get informed about the effects the new rules will have on your business. Take on expert advice and put plans in place. The agricultural industry under our new relationship with the EU will be as good as we within the agricultural industry make it. AGCO is a global leader in the design, manufacture and distribution of agricultural solutions, delivering high-tech solutions for farmers through our equipment and related services.

A range of drag hose couplings and adaptors for a fail safe operation of liquid manure application. Adaptors for all solutions. Fully adapted swivelling pull coupler. Repair kits for all pipe sizes. For more information contact your local depot www. The Kramer KL Best for the job A Bedfordshire-based tree supplier which has relied on Kramer handlers for more than 21 years has recently invested in its sixth machine.

David Williams reports. Deepdale Trees started trading in and moved to its current base at Potton, near Sandy, two years later. The business specialises in supply of semi-mature ornamental trees from approximately 2—13m tall. More than varieties are stocked, and the site includes 20ha of field-grown trees, and 22ha of container-grown trees and multi stems.

Customers range from private landowners, landscaping companies and garden designers including RHS shows, and the trees are sold for establishment anywhere in the UK and in Europe. Real workhorses A fleet of four Kramer handlers includes two models — capable of lifting 2t, plus a compact which lifts 1.

Kramer loaders are the real workhorses. I asked the advice of the Yorkshire dealer regarding which machine we should purchase and he suggested the KL Kramer KL Since its arrival, the KL Asked whether additional Kramer machines will be purchased in future, Andrew confirmed that this is likely.

We also run tractors and other machinery and prefer to add to our fleet rather than trade in for extra flexibility. Our two Kramer models are seven and eight years old and remain reliable despite having worked more than hours each per year, but they were showing their age which is why the latest machine was purchased. We are more than happy with the KL High workload The Kramer handlers work approximately — hours per year.

The Kramers are extremely stable, have plenty of power and are comfortable and the latest machine is excellent. It has a 30kph transmission which saves time and fuel moving around the site and the air suspension seat ensures a smooth ride.

Ben Burgess area sales manager Rebecca Harris says that Kramer telehandlers and loaders are ideally suited to a wide range of applications in her trading area. David Williams tried it out. Impressive statistics demonstrate that the all-new Defender, launched in , offers even better go-anywhere capability, but is it too shiny and smart now for a traditional farming role?

Looking from the rear at the back of the vehicle, the roof line is. The interior is well designed, but some aspects of its appearance are pretentious. There is a useful full-width grab handle just below the windscreen, but this obscures vents directly behind.

Power and performance The 4-cylinder, 2-litre engine is excellent. Fuel economy averaged 32mpg including travel on motorways and at lower speeds on minor roads and farm tracks. There was always plenty of power and the engine was quiet. An 8-speed automatic transmission is standard, and gear continued over…. Comfort and handling Adjustable air suspension allows the vehicle to be lowered for entering and exiting, and extra-high ride height is available for wading and extreme offroading.

Combined with a coil spring arrangement, the suspension works well — the ride was firm but comfortable and the vehicle was extremely surefooted and felt stable on twisty roads. The test vehicle lacked the luxury seating of flagship-specification versions, but the seats were firm and comfortable, and easy to keep clean.

Unlike the previous Defenders, there was lots of legroom for a tall driver, and plenty of elbow room too. The turning radius is as tight as most cars, and the steering is light and predictable. Parking in tight spaces is no longer a problem. The engine and transmission are quiet but the absence of wind noise even at high speeds was especially impressive.

The test vehicle, with its 4-cylinder engine appeared noticeably quieter than the latest 6-cylinder Discovery 5 models, and just as comfortable. Optional Terrain Response 2 was fitted to the test vehicle, allowing the driver to select driving set-up modes from deep ruts to slippery grass and snow.

It also has a low range which is ideal for tricky conditions and steep slopes as well as Hill Descent Control. However, although all the modes were selected and tried, automatic mode - allowing the vehicle to choose the best settings for itself, was always adequate.

It is also less convenient than a horizontal opening split tailgate for loading heavy items from pallets as there is only space to handle from one side. A useful feature is adjustable rear suspension. Using a button inside the rear door, the loading height can be reduced, and it also makes it easy to connect a trailer as the towbar height can be raised and lowered to match the hitch.

Verdict The new Defender impressed throughout the test week, with its comfort, practicality and general appeal. The low noise level was a performance highlight, and with the. It is smarter and more stylish than its predecessor, so farmyard scrapes and dents will show up easily, but the inside is practical and hard wearing and surfaces are easy to wipe clean.

Only 3-litre, 6-cylinder engines will be available once stock of models is exhausted, but the 4-cylinder version tested was powerful and refined. For those trading in the previous Defender the latest version is a logical upgrade, but we would also suggest it as an option for current Discovery owners as it offers similar comfort and accommodation, but added practicality.

Practicality The rear seats fold to create a flat load area 1,mm long. The side-hinged rear door opens wide, but access is. Choose your next tractor from our full range, extending from hp. Alex Green Farm Business Manager, Habton Farms Despite the inconsistent rainfall we experienced through August, we were able to put Ferobide to the test in a variety of conditions and soil types ahead of winter cropping.

We are mainly using Ferobide alongside our Sumo Trio 4, on either winged Concorde points or low-disturbance points depending on the land type and application. I feel the flexibility of the Ferobide has been the key selling point for us in terms of being proactive rather than reactive where metal is wearing at different depths. The majority of the Ferobide is welded in the shin and wings and will typically last a whole season on mainly heavy clay soils at around 8 inches deep.

Proud to be a British Farmer. Many UK farmers are benefiting from using Ferobide weldable tungsten. To find out how much Ferobide can cut wearing metal costs and downtime on your farm please call or email stewart.

Suitable for grain, silage and general purpose haulage. Improve moisture management in bales for season PFC reckons its CropSaver 7 Series application equipment is the ultimate tool to assist your baling operation. Spraying a red or blue food grade colour when the operator defined alarm point is reached, bales are easily identified and can be separated for storage. The third piece in the puzzle is the fully automatic application system.

The new 7 series CropSaver system is fully integrated with the BigBaler. CropSaver preservative is safe for the baler at pH6. CropSaver allows hay and straw to be baled safely up to 27 per cent for the BigBaler and 30 per cent for the round and conventional baler.

Post driver helps to redefine boundaries Ceres has launched a striking new range of Post Drivers for both tractors and telehandlers, as well as for diggers. The Ceres Striker Post Driver is an extremely capable and precise post knocker, the company says. It features a powerful kg free-falling hammer, operated by the unique three-pulley system, which allows superior hammer acceleration while simultaneously keeping a balanced and even load on the extending mast.

The marine double braid 22mm rope, combined with the lightweight pulleys with central bearings,. The extending mast gives the hammer ample space above the post cap, even when the post cap is fully raised, with other benefits being a lower centre of gravity and reduced height for transport, as well as giving. All of the above advantages give the Striker the ability to drive posts through hardcore and tree roots with ease, in many cases without the need for a rock spike — saving time and reducing costs.

These benefits make this powerful machine ideal for construction, farmers, forestry, maintenance teams, contractors and more. The TT model, to suit both tractor and telehandler, offers the option of low ground pressure and quick and easy transport for tractor use or the versatility of telehandler operation,. The TT is also suitable for use with a loading shovel. The DG model is designed for use with both degree and degree diggers, from 5—13t, giving it the ability to get into the most challenging areas and environments, and providing the operator with far greater power and accuracy than attempting to unsafely push or hammer posts in with a bucket.

Ceres therefore states the Striker is a costeffective way to take advantage of the precision and manoeuvrability of your machine, to achieve a professional and high-quality finish. An inter-plant weeder with manual control has revolutionised pumpkin weeding for a large Wiltshire grower. Vegetables are grown on site including organic sugar snaps, courgettes, runner beans, French beans and sweetcorn, most of which are sold to vegetable box distributers.

Squash are supplied through a wholesaler to markets and restaurants in London. Avoiding herbicides Approximately , pumpkins are grown each year, and ensuring they remain in peak condition means the growing area has to be kept weed-free.

Labour intensive Hand hoeing was time consuming, and the average work rate for a team of 12 people was approximately 1. Jono considered purchasing a robotic weeder, but this was impractical for several reasons.

But pumpkins are planted a metre apart and we only have a single crop with a growing season of four months, so we had to find a cheaper solution. Spapperi weeders continued over…. The easy to operate 22 to hp compact range delivers great choice, performance and value, getting the day-to-day jobs done headache-free.

An agricultural machinery partner with great service and great value. Great Choice. Great Performance. Great Value. Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics The page goes on to look at types of polymer. Synthetic polymers can be divided into two main categories: Thermoplastics can be melted by heat, and formed in shaped containers called moulds.

After the liquid plastic has cooled, it sets to form a solid material. A thermoplastic is a type of plast ic that can be heated and moulded numerous times. Thermosetting plastics, also called thermosets, can be heated and moulded like thermoplastics. They may also be mixed from cold ingredients. However, during cooling or mixing, a chemical reaction occurs, causing thermosets to cure.

This means they set permanently, and cannot be moulded again. If a thermoset is heated after curing, it will burn. Two more categories of polymer are engineering plastics and elastomers.

Engineering plastics are mostly thermoplastics that are especially strong, such as ABS and polycarbonate. Elastomers are very elastic polymers which can be stretched by force to at least twice their original length, and can then return to their original length when the force is removed.

However, not all rubber comes from trees. Plastics are also polymers. Then decide whether the sentences below are true or false, and correct the false sentences. By this stage of the process, the plastic is solid, and has fully cooled. Selected panels can now undergo quality-control testing, to check they are strong enough to cope with the tough conditions they will be exposed to in use. Tests include tensile testing, where narrow lengths of panel are subjected to high tension loads to check they do not stretch or fracture.

More tests are carried out to check the panels' resistance to impacts and scratching. Any products that fail the tests are returned to the beginning of the production process, melted down, and their material is reused.

How are they used? Which of the categories mentioned in A and B opposite do the polymers belong to? Minerals are quite pure. Rocks, on the other hand, can be mixtures of several minerals, and may also contain previously organic material. Examples of minerals include different types of ore- from which metal can be extracted- such as iron ore.

Generally, inorganic, non-metallic materials that have been formed by heating are called ceramics. Glass is therefore a ceramic. When materials are heated to extremely high temperatures to form ceramics that are glass- like - that is, with a structure like that of glass - we say that they are vitrified.

Ceramic materials are used to make construction materials such as bricks. These are made from clay, and are then fired in a kiln- that is, heated to a high temperature in an industrial oven. Clay can also be vitrified - for example, to make waterproof pipes. This refers to the manufacturing technique where molten glass is floated on molten tin, to produce flat sheets.

Usually, after float glass has been formed, it's annealed - it's left to cool slowly. But if it's left in this state, and the glass later gets broken, it breaks into dangerous, sharp pieces. So for most engineering and architectural uses, annealed glass is unsuitable. We need to use what we call safety glass.

As the term suggests, the glass is tempered - it's heated and kept hot for a certain time, to change its structure. Then if tempered glass is broken, it shatters - it breaks into tiny pieces.

These are a lot safer than the long, sharp pieces produced when annealed glass breaks. The disadvantage of toughened glass is that it can't withstand impacts from small objects, such as flying stones.

So, for instance, that makes it unsuitable for vehicle windscreens. So in cases where impacts are a problem, another type of safety glass -laminated glass- is generally used. This is made by laminating glass with a polymer- in other words, making a glass and polymer 'sandwich', with a sheet of polymer in the middle and sheets of glass at either side.

The advantage of having a laminated material is not just that it's very strong. The layers of glass are bonded to a layer of polymer- they're stuck to the polymer- so if the glass does break, the broken pieces are held together, and don't fly. Then, change one word in each of the false sentences to correct them. You will need to use some words more than once.

Sometimes, more than one word is possible. But technically speaking, how accurate is the term 'bulletproof glass'? Outside of Hollywood movies, can glass really stop bullets? The answer is, not on its own. But if several The technique of sandwiching polymer and glass is nothing unusual. Car windscreens are made by If a stone hits a windscreen, even though a small section of the glass on the outside may crack, the polymer behind it will stop the stone, and also ensure the entire piece of glass doesn't Bullet-resistant glass uses the same principle, but must be much tougher.

A stronger polymer is therefore used - often polycarbonate - as well as a greater number of What types of material arc used, and why? It consists of a very fine powder. When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction occurs, and the cement begins to set - it starts to become solid.

The most widely used cement-based material is concrete, which is made from cement, fine aggregate sand , coarse aggregate gravel and water. After concrete has set, it needs time to reach its structural strength - the strength needed to perform effectively. Generally, engineers consider that this strength is reached after 28 days - a point called day strength.

Concrete mix designs, which are specified by engineers, state the proportions of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to be used for specific structures. For example, a one- two-four mix consists of one part cement, two parts fine aggregate and four parts coarse aggregate. For mixing precise quantities- known as hatching- proportions are measured by weight. Mix designs also specify the water-cement ratio - the amount of water added relative to the amount of cement used.

Excess water reduces the strength of concrete, so the quantity of water is kept to a minimum. But as drier concrete is more difficult to work with, an additive added chemical substance called a plasticizer is often used.

This helps the concrete to flow more easily. Other additives can also be used- for example, a retarder may be added to delay setting, which gives workers more time to pour place the concrete.

Reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete RC structures contain steel bars. Steel reinforcement is needed mainly because concrete is weak in tension - that is, bad at resisting stretching forces. As steel is strong in tension, reinforcing bars overcome this weakness. In order to form the different parts of structures, formwork - sometimes also called shuttering - is used.

This consists of moulds of the required size and shape, made from steel or timber, which are used to contain the concrete until it has set. In-situ reinforced concrete being poured When wet concrete is cast placed in its final position, it is called in-situ concrete.

Instead of being cast in-situ, reinforced concrete elements can also be precast- cast at a factory - then delivered to the construction site ready for assembly. Sometimes, precast concrete is also prestressed. With prestressing, tension is applied to the reinforcing bars, by machine, usually before the concrete is poured.

The bars are then held in tension while wet concrete is poured around them. After the concrete has fully set, the bars become 'trapped' in tension.

This increases the concrete's ability to resist bending forces. Look at B opposite to help yo u. This form of prestressing is called pre-tensioning, as tension is applied before the concrete is poured. The technique is often used in the manufacture of floor components, which are small enough to fit on the back of a truck, and can therefore be A less common prestressing technique is post-tensioning applying tension after the concrete has set.

This is more suitable for large elements, especially long beams, which cannot be transported, and therefore need to be poured Before the concrete is poured, ducts usually plastic tubes are placed inside the These ducts contain steel cables. After the concrete has been This is only possible because the cables are free to move within the ducts- it is not possible with pre-tensioned reinforcing bars, which are held fast by the hard The ends of the cables are then permanently anchored at either end of the beam.

In what sequence do you think it was built? Do you think it was poured in-situ, or were its parts precast? In American Engl ish, tim ber genera lly means wood that is still growing in trees.

Solid structural timber The text below is from a technical handbook about structural timber- wood intended to support loads in a structure. Generally, timbe r is cut to th e requ ired section- the width and depth tha t determin e its cross- section -at a sawmill, whe re a range of section sizes are produced. Timber from sawm ills is generally supplied in rough-sawn sections.

Thi s refers to the surface te xture produced by sawing timber with a circular saw. If the timber needs to have a smooth finish - for exa mple, because it will be visible in the structure- it can subsequ ently be planed to smooth its surface. Because the strength of wood varies , structural timber must be stress-graded. Th is means its strength is tested in order to give it a stress grade- a stand ard strength value which an engineer can use for design calculations.

Timber can be mechanically stress-graded, where its strength is checked by machin e. It can also be visually stress-graded , where the wood is exam ined by an inspector w ho looks for pote ntial weaknesses- in part icular, the position of knots. Engineered wood Engineered wood covers a range of softwood and hardwood materials.

In each case, there is more than one possi ble answer. From an environmental perspective, wood has many advantages. Firstly, it comes from a sustainable source. Coniferous trees grow relatively fast, providing a rapidly replaceable source of Secondly, almost all the timber in a tree can be utilized, leaving little or no waste. The best quality wood can be used for structural applications, where solid, Smaller strands can be made into engineering wood with structural properties, such as And small particles and fibres, including those from waste timber, can go into cheaper materials, like The type of deformation depends on the type of force that is applied.

When a material is subjected to tension, its length will increase by a certain amount. This is called extension or elongation. It is especially important to understand the performance of materials in tension, as their tensile strength ability to resist tension is usually lower than their compressive strength ability to resist compression.

A material's ability to do this is called elasticity. Rubber is an example of a very elastic material- it can be elastically deformed to a considerable extent.

If a material has very low elasticity, and is strong, engineers say it is stiff. If a material has low elasticity and is weak, it is described as brittle- that is, it fractures breaks, due to tension very easily. Glass is an example of a brittle material.

Some materials can change shape significantly, but do not return to their original shape. We say these materials are plastic. Often, plasticity is described in specific terms. A material that can be plastically deformed by hammering or rolling- for example, lead Pb - is malleable. A material that can be drawn out stretched into a long length- for example, copper Cu - is ductile.

Points The extension of the bar is proportional to the increase in tension. Point 1 The bar reaches the limit of proportionality. Beyond this point, length begins to increase at a slightly greater rate than tension.

Point 2 The elastic limit is reached. Beyond this point, the bar will no longer return to its original length. In many materials, the elastic limit occurs almost immediately after the limit of proportionality. Point 3 The bar reaches its yield point. Once it yields, it continues to increase in length, even without a further increase in tension.

Point 4 This is the ultimate tensile strength UTS of the material. Beyond this point, a waist a narrower section appears at a point along the length of the bar, signalling that it is about to fracture. Point 5 This is the fracture point, where the bar breaks in two.

You will need to use one word twice. Look at B and C opposite to help you. How are the springs used in car suspension made springy? It sounds like a silly question, but thi nk about it fo r a moment. In order for a spring to compress or extend, then return t o its original shape, it must be But spri ngs are made from wi re, and wire is made from very When the wire is manufactured, it is not only stretched beyond its The metal from which springs are made has therefore been To do this, once a spring has been formed into a coil, it is tempered- a process in which it is heated and kept at a high temperature for a sustained peri od.

This 'resets' the atomic structure of the metal partly, at least , so that after tempering, the spring will behave as it should - it can be What properties do the materials have?

Which properties are strengths in this situation? Which properties are weaknesses, and how are these weaknesses overcome? Generally, hard materials are more durable than soft materials, because they are better at resisting wear- progressively worsening damage- to their surfaces.

Materia ls with a high degree of scratch hardness are said to have good abrasion resistance- they are good at resisting damage due to abrasion the action of two surfaces being rubbed together.

Scratches Indentations - Fatigue, fracture toughness and creep The article below is fro m an aviation magazine. In aircraft construction, special attention must and which worsen over time. The speed at which be paid to two materials problems that are fatigue cracking progresses depends on the well understood by mechanical and structural material's fracture toughness.

This is a measure engineers. One is fatigue, often called metal fatigue in metals. This problem is caused by cyclic loads- forces that Another problem is creep - where components continually vary. In aircraft, the wings are affected become permanently deformed stretched, for by cyclic loading as they frequently flex, continually example , due to loads.

Creep increases over bending up and down due to air turbulence. The time. The problem is made worse by heat, so is consequence of fatigue is micro-cracking - the a major issue in engines, where both loads and formation of cracks too small to see with the eye, temperatures are high. Basic thermal properties Some materials conduct carry or transmit heat better than others.

Therefore, thermal conductivity varies, depending on the material. Copper, for example, is an excellent thermal conductor. Polystyrene, on the other hand, is an excellent thermal insulator and so a very poor thermal conductor. As temperature increases, most materials expand increase in size due to heating , and as temperature falls, they contract decrease in size due to cooling. The extent to which expansion and contraction occur is measured by a material's coefficient of thermal expansion - that is, its change in size for a given change in temperature.

The coefficient for aluminium, for example, is 0. This means that for an increase in temperature of one degree Celsius, a one-metre length of aluminium will increase in length by 0. This figure can also be referred to as the coefficient of linear expansion, since it describes change in length a linear measurement.

These will allow the operator to see the cutting wheel at all times, and will shield the operator from flying metal fragments. The guards must therefore be constructed from material with a high degree of As the guards will require regular cleaning, the action of wiping away metal fragments will result in The guards must, therefore, have sufficient When comparing copper and aluminium as materials for electrical wires, it is necessary to consider their thermal properties.

For instance, in situations where high temperatures are involved, it is important to understand how quickly wires In this regard, the In the example above, a designer might therefore prefer aluminium wiring over copper wiring. Another issue is thermal movement- the extent to which the metals In situations where temperature continually rises and falls, the resulting In this regard, copper has a Copper therefore has the advantage in this respect, as it is less susceptible to movement.

Ove,r 1-o 't. What materials were chosen as a result of these considerations? Casting involves heating metal until it becomes molten liquid and pouring it, or forcing it under pressure, into a mould called a die. Instead of being cast, metal components can be formed by sintering.

This is done by using metal powder instead of molten metal. The powder is placed in a die and compressed into a solid mass. It is then heated though not melted until it becomes sintered - that is, the powder particles join together structurally, due to the heat.

Metal can also be shaped by extruding it into long lengths. Extrusion involves heating metal until it is molten, then forcing it at high pressure through a shaping tool- also called a die- to form bars or tubes, for example. At the same time, the metal cools and becomes solid. The metal was then worked- in other words, shaped by hammering it.

Working metal using compression for example, hammering is also called forging. The same basic technique is still in use today, especially with steel. However, large, automated machines are now used. Metal is often worked or forged when hot hot forged , but may also be worked when it is cold cold forged. A common forging technique is drop forging, where a heavy hammer is dropped onto a piece of metal. A die fixed to the hammer compresses the metal into the required shape.

Rollers can also be used to apply compression, with or without heat, to produce hot rolled or cold rolled metal. Forging also increases the hardness of metal.

This is called work hardening. Metal becomes work hardened because its structure is changed by compression. The same result can be achieved without hammering or rolling - and therefore without changing the component's shape - by shot-peening. This involves firing small metal balls metal shot at the surface of components when cold , at high speed.

After components have been shot-peened, their surface is significantly harder. Dro p forged steel - Heat treating metal The properties of a metal can be changed by heat treating it- that is, heating and cooling the metal.

The table below, from the technical information section of a steel supplier's website, summarizes the main types of heat treatment. Type of heat treatment Description of process Properties of treated metal quenching Metal is heated, then di pped in water or Quenched metal is harder, but tends to oil to cool it ra pidly.

The first stage in manufacturing the blades for the cutting tools is to form them into an approximate shape by 1 a process of squeezing molten metal through a die.

Before the blades have cooled, they are then 2 hammered while still at a high temperature - a process which not only flattens them into their final shape, but also ensures the metal becomes 3 harder as a result of the hammering action. The blades are then 4 cooled quickly in water.

Finally, they are 5 bombarded with small metal balls in order to further increase their surface hardness. Suggest different ways of obtaining these properties by forging or heat treating the steel. When steel and other metals are produced, they are made into blocks called ingots, which can subsequently be melted and cast.

Very large steel ingots are called blooms. One standard size for steel blooms is mm x mm x 6 m. Steel can also be supplied in smaller blocks, of various sizes, called billets. These can be round bars or rods which have a circular section. They may also be square bars, with a square section, and flat bars, with a flat, rectangular section. A bar is generally made of metal, but a rod can be made of any material.

Other materials supplied in sheets include plastic, glass and wood. However, sheets of wood are often called boards. When sheets of metal or metal sheets are delivered in large quantities, they can be supplied in rolls called coils. Non-metals, such as glass, plastic or wood, are not usually called plates; even if these materials are thicker than 3 mm, they are usually called sheets. See Appendix Von page for types of structural section.

The most common types are round tubes, but square tubes and rectangular tubes are also produced. Pipes are specifically for carrying liquid or gas. A pipe is therefore just one type of tube. They are usually supplied in coils.

Several wires can be combined to form a cable. An electrical wire is a single conductor covered with insulation. The conductor can be a single wire called a solid wire or several strands of wire grouped together called a stranded wire.

An electrical cable has several conductors, separately covered with insulation, grouped within a second outer layer of insulation. Bectric:al c:able with solid wires Stranded wires Note: Tubes can also be called tubing -for example, steel tubing. Raw materials are often intended to be melted or mixed. In what form do you think the material used for each component was supplied?

The top edge of the plate is chamfered- at an angle of 45 degrees with the sides of the plate. All the other edges are square 90 degrees. Around the bottom of the plate is a rebate - an internal corner. The top of the pipe is also rebated around the inside, so that the bottom of the plate can slot into the top of the pipe.

In the rebate on the pipe, there is a ridge - a long, thin, raised surface. On the plate, a groove or channel is cut into the metal. The ridge on the pipe slots into this groove to form a tongue- and-groove joint the ridge is the tongue.

When the two are slotted together there is a cavity or void a hollow space between the top of the tongue and the end of the groove. This is to accommodate provide a space for a rubber sealing ring. The holes in the pipe wall are blind holes - they do not go all the way through. The screws which are intended to be screwed into these holes by a turning action have threads helical grooves. The internal surfaces of the holes in the pipe walls are also threaded.

Many other screws are tapered - their thickness decreases towards the tip of the screw the narrower end. Many screws are also pointed- the thickness of their tip reduces to zero.

In Design 1, the screw has a round head, which is raised or proud - it is at a higher level than the surface of the plate. In Design 2, the screw has a flat head and is fully recessed - the head is within the thickness of the plate. The head is flush with at the same level as the top of the plate. To make the screw heads flush, the top of the hole and the sides of the screw head are chamfered.

Recessing screws in this way is called countersinking - the screws are countersunk. Match the pairs of sentences and choose the correct word from the brackets in the second sentence. According to the drawing, we cut to a depth of 40 mm in a 60 mm thick plate. This allows it to fit a range of different sized screw heads. The screw has a flat head. Running across the centre of the head is a This is designed to The top edge of the screw head is This avoids having a sharp edge, which could cause cuts.

The advantage of this is that the screw head can be fully The top part of the screw shaft is smooth and has a The lower part of the screw is The close-up picture shows that the J Machining 1 - Machining and CNC Machining is the use of machines to cut pieces of material called workpieces and shape them into components.

The tools used in machining, to make holes, grooves, threads, etc. Metal is often machined. As it is cut, waste is produced, called swarf or chips. During machining, a liquid called cutting fluid may be pumped onto the workpiece to act as a coolant, keeping the workpiece cool.

In manufacturing, machining is usually guided by computers called computer numerical control CNC systems. Milling is cutting done by a milling machine, often using toothed cutting discs wheels with teeth that have sharp edges.

When a workpiece is milled, it is held in a fixed position on the machine, and is shaped by cutting tools which rotate spin while being moved over the surface of the workpiece. Turning is a technique for cutting components that have a circular cross-section. The workpiece is turned by a machine called a lathe, which rotates the workpiece. A fixed machine tool is then moved against the rotating workpiece to cut material from it.

Turning using a lathe Sawing is cutting using a blade a thin, sharp piece of metal , which usually has teeth, to remove a thickness of material slightly wider than the blade. The gap left by the blade, along the line of the cut, is called a kerf. Machines that use toothed blades include circular saws, which have rotating circular blades, band saws, and power hacksaws.

A hacksaw has a blade with very small teeth, for cutting metal. Saws may also use abrasive wheels - that is, thin, circular cutting wheels with rough, hard surfaces - often made of industrial diamond. A band saw Drilling is a technique for cutting circular holes. A machine called a drill is fitted with a tool called a drill bit or bit. The bit rotates and drills into the material.

Holes with large diameters can be cut using holesaws- hollow cylinders with teeth, which saw circular cuts and remove a core a solid cylinder of material.

When used to drill into concrete, this technique is also called core drilling, or diamond drilling, as the holesaws have industrial diamond edges. Usually, drilling refers to making new holes. In machining, enlarging a hole making it wider is called boring.

Grinding is removing material across a surface area, using abrasive wheels. The machines used to grind materials with abrasive wheels are called grinders. I drill grind mill turn saw I 1 Lathes are designed to What machine tools and machining techniques do you think were used to make it? Sheets of metal can be sheared using a machine called a guillotine, which has a long blade.

Usually, sheets are guillotined when long, straight cuts are required. The shaped piece of metal that is punched from the sheet is called a blank. If the blank is the finished product, this process is called blanking. If the sheet itself, with holes made in it, is the finished product, the process A punch is called piercing. High-temperature metal cutting techniques Flame-cutting generally uses oxygen 02 and acetylene C2H2. The two gases are blown through a torch - basically a tube - as a mixture called oxyacetylene.

The acetylene burns in the oxygen to produce a flame hot enough to melt steel. Electrical discharge machining EDM - also called spark erosion - involves passing a tight length of wire through a workpiece, similar to the way thin wire is used to cut cheese. However, the wire does not actually touch the workpiece.

Instead, a high-voltage current produces an electric arc, which 'jumps' across a small gap between the wire and the workpiece. As the current arcs, it generates heat, which melts the metal ahead of the wire. Plasma cutting uses a plasma torch to blow out gas at high pressure. The gas argon Ar is often used. At the same time a high-voltage current is passed through the plasma torch, and arcs between the torch and the workpiece.

This ionizes some of the atoms in the gas, changing it to plasma. As the plasma is heated by the arc, it reaches an extremely high temperature - much hotter than would be possible for a gas that had not been ionized. Not e: When atoms are ionized, their electrons - tiny negatively charged particles that are normally attached to the atom - break away and float freely within the gas.

Laser cutting and UHP waterjets Laser beams concentrated light can cut materials accurately, in small quantities, by melting them.

Laser cutting is especially suitable for plastics. Ultra-high-pressure UHP waterjets- jets of water fired at extremely high pressure- can cut almost any material, including metal.

An advantage of UHP waterjet cutting is that the edge quality of workpieces is high- that is, the cut edges are smooth. This means that no secondary operations- further processes to smooth rough edges- are required. Also, because UHP waterjets are cold, they do not leave a heat-affected zone HAZ on the workpiece- that is, an area near the cut edge whose properties have been changed by heat.

You wiU need to use some of the descriptions more than once. This torch burns C 2 H 2 in This machine is used for The torch can be used for It produces workpieces with very smooth Because of this high Say why the cutting technique would be especially suitable for the component and for the material. The pictures below show an example: a connection or joint between a steel column and a concrete foundation. The foundation supports the column, preventing downward movement.

As well as providing support, it anchors the column, holding it in position to stop it sliding or lifting. To provide a connection, bolts are attached to a plate at the bottom of the column- called a base plate. The bottoms of the bolts are embedded in the concrete of the foundation - that is, they are surrounded and held by the concrete. The holes allow the tops of the bolts to have a certain amount of play - that is, they are free to move slightly.

This means the bolts can be adjusted moved as required to allow the bolts to slot through the holes in the base plate, so that the plate and bolts can fit together. As the column is lowered into position, wedges enable steel wedges are placed below the base column to be plate.

These act as packers also called plumbed spacers or shims , and leave a gap narrow space between the plate and the concrete. The wedges also enable adjustments to be made. By hammering a wedge horizontally, the side of the base plate can be lifted, allowing the column to be plumbed made exactly vertical. A type of cement, called grout, is then placed beneath the base plate. This fills the gap between the base plate and the ped holes foundation, and the holes around the bolts.

It also seals the joint against rainwater, -concrete foundation protecting the bolts from corrosion. Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 1 shows a suspension bridge. The bridge's two main cables are The cables are Photo 2 shows a The suspender cables are The saddle is made up of two parts that are fixed The many wires which make up the main cable are covered by a protective layer of very thin wire that is wrapped around the main cable in the form of a helix the shape of a spring.

J Mechanical fasteners 1 -Bolts The photo below shows a common fastener or fixing : a bolt, with a nut. Bolts have threads -grooves on the outside of the bolt's shaft or shank , which run around the shaft in a helical Used Wood Turning Lathes Uk pattern. The threaded shaft allows a nut, which has a thread inside it, to be screwed onto the bolt by a turning motion. Nuts usually have a right-hand thread - they are screwed on by turning them clockwise in the direction of clock hands and unscrewed by turning them anticlockwise.

However, in some situations, left-hand threads are used. Most bolts have heads with hexagonal perimeters hexagonal heads or hex heads. These allow a spanner to turn them.

Heads can also have a hexagonal hole in their top, called a socket head. This allows a hex key or Allen key to fit into them. BrE: spanner; ArnE: wrench - Preload in bolted joints Turning force, called torque, is applied to bolts to tighten them- that is, to make them grip tightly.

As a bolt is tightened, the tension stretching force in its shaft increases, and the components being bolted together are pressed tightly together. This pressing force is called preload or clamp load.

If enough preload is applied, friction between the components will prevent them sliding in different directions. This is an advantage, as sliding subjects the sides of bolts to shear force scissoring force , which can cause them to break. In steel structures, bolts that apply high preloads to prevent sliding are called high strength friction grip HSFG bolts. The amount of torque applied to bolts can be adjusted using a torque wrench, a tool which can tighten and loosen bolts, and which indicates how much torque is applied.

This helps to ensure that bolts are tightened enough, but not over-tightened. Torque wrenches are also useful for checking that bolted joints do not work loose - that is, that they do not become loose over time. Note: See Unit 31 for more on torque, tension, shear and other forces.

Ordinary fla t washer washers- called flat washers or plain washers- have a larger outside diameter than the bolt head or nut. Their wider area is intended to spread the load distribute pressure over the surface of the component as the bolt is tightened. A helica l Spring washers are designed to be compressed, to allow the spring washer amount of preload to be adjusted as the bolt is tightened.

In some situations, spring washers are used to allow a bolt to move slightly, in order to absorb shocks. Common types of spring washer are helical spring washers and conical A con ical spring washers.

However, that does not mean to say, 'the tighter the better'. If excessive force is used to At this point, various problems can occur. The shank may begin to twist as it is subjected to additional Alternatively, as the bolt is stretched due to increasing This will not only make it impossible to subsequently tighten and What is their purpose? They may be screwed into a predrilled hole- drilled for the screw to enter.

Self-tapping screws do not require predrilled holes. They cut their own hole as they are screwed in. Unlike bolts, screws are not used with nuts and- generally- are not screwed into threaded holes. Most screw heads are designed to be screwed in using a screwdriver. The most common types are slot head screws and crosshead screws.

A screwdriver A slot head screw A crosshead screw, A crosshead screw, Phillips type Pozidriv type Small-diameter bolts, which can be used with nuts or screwed into threaded holes, are sometimes called machine screws. Bolts that hold components in place by pressing the end of the bolt against the component, in order to generate friction and prevent sliding, are called set screws or grub screws.

Examples of uses are holding a wheel on a shaft, and connecting electric wires. These fit into predrilled holes. A simple screw anchor is a plastic tube called a wall plug or plug. It is inserted in a hole, and a screw or bolt is then screwed into it.

As it enters the plug, the plug expands its diameter increases. This increases friction, allowing the plug to resist pullout forces- the forces which would cause it to be pulled out of the hole if it were not firmly anchored. An expansion anchor is another type of anchor. It consists of a bolt fitted inside a metal sleeve.

The sleeve expands as the bolt is tightened in the hole. In cases where pullout forces are very high, chemical anchors can be used. These are studs- threaded bars, onto which nuts can be screwed. The studs are set in - that is, held in the hole by an adhesive.

Most chemical anchors are set into holes using a strong adhesive called epoxy resin see Unit 29 for more on adhesives. A solid rivet consists of a short, solid shaft of metal with a head at one end, called the factory head.

The rivet is inserted through a pre-drilled hole, then a special tool is used to deform change the shape of the other end of the rivet, flattening and widening it to form a second head, called the shop head. Solid rivets are widely used in aircraft. Blind rivets or pop rivets are made from hollow tubes, and are fitted using a tool called a rivet gun. Blind rivets are not suitable for high-strength joints.

Then match the combinations with the descriptions below. One description can be used twice. You've tried drilling the specified hole size many times in the past, only for it to be too big, leaving the You decide it's better to ensure a tight fit So you drill a smaller hole than suggested, then attempt to hammer in the plug.

It bends sideways, useless. You try again. And again. Eventually, you manage to get a plug into the hole. You insert the end of the screw, pick up your It certainly is a tight fit.

And hard work. And as the screw goes in, and the plug Used Wood Turning Lathes For Sale Uk Code starts to By the time the screw's halfway in, the screwdriver has slipped off the screw so many times that what used to be a S It's impossible to screw it in any further. Or unscrew it. So you take a pair of pliers, grip the end of the screw, and attempt to drag the whole thing out of the walL But the The screw might as well be Say what types of screw are used, and suggest why each type was specified.

Professional English in Use Engineering The heat melts the edges of the components being welded together, and once the material has become molten liquid , fusion occurs. When the joint fuses, material from each component is mixed together, joining to form a solid weld.

Metal is often welded. It is also possible to weld plastic. Welding is usually used to join components of the same base metal- that is, the metal the components are made of. It is possible - though more difficult - to weld certain dissimilar materials. For example, copper can be welded to steel. Often, a filler is added during welding.

This is new material, of the same type as the base metal, which is melted into the weld pool - the molten metal at the joint during welding. One problem in welding is discontinuity, where joints are not completely solid. Another problem is residual stress. This is force- for example, tension- which is 'trapped' around the joint. This problem occurs after welding, as a result of contraction in the weld zone or fusion zone -the area that was the weld pool.

It can also occur in the heat-affected zone HAZ -the material close to the weld pool which was subjected to high temperature, and was modified by the heat. The heat from the arc melts the base metal. The electrode consists of a welding rod - a stick of metal of the same type as the workpiece - which provides filler.

The welding rod is therefore consumable -it is used up. The rod is also coated with a material called flux. When heated, this produces a shielding gas, which protects the molten metal from oxygen. Without this gas, the hot metal would combine with the oxygen in the air, and this would weaken the weld.

Shielded metal arc welding In gas welding, heat comes from a torch which burns oxyfuel - a mixture of oxygen 0 2 and a gas fuel. The most common fuel is acetylene C2H2 - called oxyacetylene when mixed with oxygen.

Welding rods provide filler but flux is not required, as the burning oxyfuel produces carbon dioxide C02 which acts as a shielding gas. The wire acts as a consumable electrode, supplying filler. A shielding gas, often argon Ar , is blown onto the weld pool. However, the tungsten is non-consumable -it does not melt, and is not consumed as filler during the welding process. A separate welding rod is used to supply filler, if required.

As with MIG welding, a shielding gas such as argon is blown onto the weld. You will need to use some words twice. For instance, steel can be welded to copper and to brass.

However, it is much more difficult to weld components made oftwo While there is no difficu lty in melting two different metals and mixing them together in a As this process takes place, the two metals will not necessari ly Once the joint has cooled, this can result in In addition, as the metals contract at different rates due to different coefficients of thermal expansion , powerful You will need to use some parts more than once.

Shielded metal arc welding uses 2 Gas welding uses 3 Gas metal arc welding uses 4 Gas tungsten arc welding uses a burning gas. In what specific situations are different techniques used, and why are they suitable?

I Non-mechanical joints 2 - Specialized welding techniques The web page below, from a technical guide to welding techniques, explains some more specialized welding methods. Resistance welding involves passing an electric current through metal components that are touching.

This heats the metal and welds it. The technique can be used for spot welding - welding a number of small points between the surfaces of the components.

It can also be used for seam welding, to make long, narrow welds. Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency acoustic vibrations sound vibrations to make the touching surfaces of two components vibrate. This generates friction, heating them and fusing them. The technique is often used to weld plastics. Unlike welding, the base metal of the components is not melted, so the components are not fused.

Brazed joints are therefore not as strong as welded joints. For some pipe joints and for electrical connections, soldering is often used. Solder is a metal filler which melts at quite a low temperature. Like brazing, soldering forms joints without melting the base metal. Soldered joints are therefore weaker than welds, and also generally weaker than brazed joints. In soft soldering, an alloy- of tin Sn and lead Ph , or of tin and copper- is melted using an electrically heated rod called a soldering iron.

In hard soldering, a solder containing copper and silver Ag produces slightly stronger joints. The higher melting point of silver means a flame - usually from an oxyfuel torch - is used instead of a soldering iron. Soft soldering -Adhesives Adhesive - called glue in everyday language -can be used to bond permanently join components together.

Its purpose is to adhere to the surfaces being joined, to create a bond between them. Most adhesives are liquids, which can be applied to put on the surfaces that need to be glued together.

Adhesives can create adhesion between surfaces in two main ways. One is by allowing wet adhesive to be absorbed by the components. After drying and hardening, this forms a mechanical bond, as adhesive is anchored into each component's substrate the material below the surface.

Adhesion may also be created by a chemical bond, from a chemical reaction between the adhesive and the materials. Many types of adhesive harden by drying.

They contain a solvent- water or a liquid chemical -which gives a workable mixture. After the adhesive has been applied, the solvent evaporates - turns from a liquid to a gas - to leave solid adhesive. An example of this type is polyvinyl adhesive PVA , a wood glue. Other types, such as epoxy resins see Unit 14 , are two-part adhesives, supplied as separate chemicals in two containers.

When mixed and applied, the two parts react, then cure- harden due to a chemical reaction. Contact adhesives must be applied to both components, then left to dry for a time before the surfaces are brought together. A bond then occurs when the surfaces touch. Use language from C opposite to explain how the adhesives are used, and how they work.

In engineering, forces are called loads. Usually, several different loads will act on - app ly fo rce to - the components in a machine, or the members parts of a structure. A component or member which is des igned to carry or bear a load is call ed a load-bearing component or member.

To predict what will happen when components are loaded, engineers calculate the magnitude size of each load, and also work out the direction of the load -for example, vertically downwards.

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