Side Rake Angle. Side Rake Angle. 0°. 5°.  Diamond-Tipped Turning Lathe Tools. The diamond tip on these tools offers superior cutting performance on nonferrous and nonmetallic materials, such as aluminum, copper, fiberglass, and plastic. High-Speed Steel Cutoff Blades. The lathe cutting tool or tool bit must be made of the correct material and ground to the correct angles to machine a workpiece efficiently. The most common tool bit is the general all-purpose bit made of high-speed steel. These tool bits are generally inexpensive, easy to grind on a bench or pedestal grinder, take lots of abuse and wear, and are strong enough for all-around repair and fabrication.  Rake angles cannot be too great or the cutting edge will lose strength to support the cutting action. The side rake angle determines the type and size of chip produced during the cutting action and the direction that the chip travels when leaving the cutting tool. Chip breakers can be included in the side rake angle to ensure that the chips break up and do not become a safety hazard. On most tools there is also a fourth grinding operation which is a radius on the tool tip. This radius increases tool life and improves surface finish. The numbered faces in this image also indicate the order in which the three faces are cut. Although there are three faces to cut and each of them has two angles to set, the front and side faces both have two critical angles and two non-critical. The top face has two angles, both of which are important.  The top face has two rake angles because it can cut both 'into' and 'along' the work piece. These angles are identified as a 'side rake' angle and a 'back rake' angle. The rake angle sets the angle of shear for the cut. A greater rake angle reduces cutting forces and gives a better tool life, but too much rake can make the tool fragile.
By far, the most common type of operation performed on a lathe is the removal of metal by cutting. Cutting tools on a lathe usually have a single cutting point. Multiple point tools such as drills, end mills, taps, and reamers will be discussed separately. Single Point Cutting Tools. The rake angle is generally selected between -5°and 25°. Usually, the rake angle (γ0) is not made in advance when making lathe tools, but by grinding the chip discharge groove on the lathe tools . These angles are identified as a 'side rake' angle and a 'back rake' angle. The rake angle sets the angle of shear for the cut. A greater rake angle reduces cutting forces and gives a better tool life, but too much rake can make the tool fragile. The diagram below shows the terminology used to describe cutting tools (click for a larger image).

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