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Specifically, this page addresses non-food products clearly used in households across the United States and Canada. These products were also used, of course, by businesses, schools, government offices, and other wood projects catalog file entities.

The "household" aka "personal" bottles category has been used by archaeologists - and collectors to some degree - for many years although the actual bottle types contained within the category varies significantly Herskovitz ; Berge ; Univ. In the end, there has never been total agreement wood projects catalog file the categorization hierarchy of bottle types and probably never will be. The other typology pages e. This is because the "household" and "miscellaneous" categories are Woodworking Projects Catalog Catalogo much wider ranging in diversity and lacking the tighter or narrower "theme" wood projects catalog file the other major categories.

Instead, wood projects catalog file page will have specific bottle type introductions incorporated into the opening paragraphs within each given section listed. Click IGCo. Catalog to access the page that links to all the scans of this very useful catalog. Various household bottles are listed throughout this wood projects catalog file including pages, This Household Bottles non-food related page is divided into the following categories and sub-categories based largely on the different contents that each group held, and within those groups, by various dominant shapes or other logical categories.

Additional links to images of similar bottles are also frequently included. The array of references used to support the conclusions and estimates found here - including the listed dating ranges - are noted. Additional information and estimates are based on the empirical observations of the author over 50 years of experience; this is often but not always noted.

Various terminology is used in the descriptions that may be unfamiliar if wood projects catalog file have not studied other pages on this site. If a term is unfamiliar, first check the Bottle Glossary page for an explanation or definition. As an alternative, one can do a search of this website.

Ink bottles are typically divided into three major categories: ink bottles smallbulk or "master" ink bottles larger bulk containersand inkwells Munsey Inkwells are briefly covered as a group since this sub-category is more of a specialty bottle group, where the various manufacturing based dating rules summarized on the Bottle Dating pages have more limited application.

The categories used on this website greatly simplify those described by Covill whose book "Ink bottles and inkwells" has been the standard work on the subject for many years. It should be noted, however, that a recent and also well illustrated book: INKS: Years of Bottles and Companies by Ed and Lucy Faulkner's Faulkner is probably an even better reference which includes much more historical information about the companies than Covill and is possibly still in print, unlike Covill.

Please consult these books for more information on the fascinating subject of ink bottles. The difference between an "ink bottle" and an "inkwell" is hard to define since they are both small bottles used as "containers for ink" from which a pen or quill was directly filled or dipped Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary So what is the real difference?

Although both were used in a similar fashion - to directly fill a quill or fountain pen - according to Munsey an " Put another way, inkwells were wood projects catalog file decorative, typically purchased empty like many liquor decantersintended to be retained permanently until broken or of no use, and were filled over and over again from bulk sources.

In the end, the line is blurred between the two although both are covered as separate bottle "types" below. Glass ink bottles and inkwells definitely date back to before the period covered by this website, i. In Europe, glass inkwells dating from the early 18th century have been noted and advertisements for ink bottles date at least as early as the s Van den Bossche ; Faulkner Historically, it was not until the late 18th to early 19th century that ink was commonly available commercially in liquid form.

An example from an Oregon "stationers" business is discussed later in this section. Not all ink wood projects catalog file or inkwells were made of glass, of course. Just about any and every compatible material was used for containing ink at some point including many wood projects catalog file types of metal e. Prior to beginning of the 19th century, virtually all ink came ceramic containers which were still commonly used throughout most of the 19th century also.

Denby is about miles NE of London. All of wood projects catalog file stoneware ink bottle styles wood projects catalog file above are commonly encountered on historic sites in the U.

In fact, all of the wood projects catalog file examples were excavated in the United States. As a general statement, ink bottles and inkwells were designed for stability while being used to fill a pen or dip a quill. To quote Munsey" Wood projects catalog file above 3 or 4 ounces should probably be considered a bulk or master ink - a subject covered in the next major section Covill Wood projects catalog file was a immense variety of different small ink bottle made during the period covered by this website.

This was probably due to there being a demand for ink bottles that were esthetically pleasing since they usually " The bottles and general types covered here barely scratches the surface of the variety produced during the 19th through midth centuries, although does cover the wood projects catalog file commonly encounter types. Cylindrical : A large though unknown percentage of ink bottles were round or cylindrical in cross-section Covill This is a very large grouping of ink bottles - undoubtedly numbering in the many thousands of different shapes and variations - of which only a few of course can be discussed here.

The two main "classes" of cylindrical ink bottles covered here have body sides that are either conical tapering distinctly inwards from the base to the shoulder like the example to the left or vertical no real taper from wood projects catalog file to shoulder. Conical bodies : The conical ink style appears to have first originated in the U. Glass makers called this plain style i. Image courtesy of American Bottle Auctions. These particular cone ink bottles are typically blow-pipe or "open" pontil scarred like the pictured examplehave a rolled finishtypically about 2.

These particular cone shaped ink bottles were also made in shades of amber and olive green glass and date from the earlier years of the business, i. The equally early amber conical or "cone ink" pictured to the right dates from the late s or s and was likely made by some New England glass house. These early conical inks are relatively uncommon; the "umbrella" wood projects catalog file ink covered later in this section was much more commonly made during the s to s era.

Click base view to see the pontiled base of this bottle which also has an embossed "X" and some other vague embossing that is of unknown meaning today. These bottles side view and base view are 2. There might possibly be some faint air venting marks integrated into the heel mold seam although such is usually hard to discern from normal mold wood projects catalog file irregularities.

There are, in fact, differences in this mold seam "roughness" between these two bottles indicating that the mold seam bumps are not air venting marks. These bottles were made in many wood projects catalog file including varies shades of green and amber glass as well as colorless glass Faulkner It should be noted here that small, mouth-blown ink bottles from the era of mold air venting - i.

The author believes that the very small mold size and the quickness that a small parison could be expanded did not necessitate - or result in any substantive benefits - from mold air venting.

This particular style of L. The wood projects catalog file was founded sometime in the s by Dr. Levi H. Thomas, a homeopathic physician in Waterbury, VT. He moved to Reading, MI. The company used an assortment of ink and bulk ink bottles beginning in the s into at least the mid to late s as machine-made bottles have been observed by the author Wood projects catalog file ; Faulkner ; empirical observations.

The machine-made Thomas ink bottles observed by the author were very similar in manufacture to the two machine-made, cylindrical inks discussed in the "mold seam anomalies" box later in this section. Of additional interest in regards to this company is the wood projects catalog file L.

Thomas ink bottle listed further down the page which dates pretty firmly from or One of the most commonly encountered cylindrical ink bottle styles are the "ring shoulder cone inks" like the typical example pictured to the right with base view to the far right. This style is typified by a body that tapers distinctly inwards from the heel to the base of a flaring shoulder ring.

This distinctive style appears to be a natural evolutionary extension of the earlier non-ring shoulder cone inks discussed earlier.

Although probably American in origin, virtually identical ink bottles were also produced in England Covill The capacity was typically around 2 oz. The ring shoulder cone ink style seems to have originated by at least the mid to late s and continued in use into at least the s with the bottles made mostly wood projects catalog file machines by the mid s. The ca. This ink has a tooled double ring finishwas blown in a post-bottom mold, and lacks evidence of mold air venting an observation discussed with the previous cone ink and at the bottom of this section.

The Carter Ink Company began business in and continued untilwhen it was acquired by the Dennison Company. The Carter's Ink Co. The group of five cylindrical ink bottles pictured to the left above are also very typical cone inks most likely made by an assortment of bottle makers although none have makers markings.

This image shows just a few of the color variations possible in cone inks which were made in just about any color imaginable including various shades of olive green, cobalt blue, emerald green, and more. These bottles basically share the same manufacturing features as the amber cone described above except the four on the right have one-part " bead " finishes instead of the double ring and all date from the s to s era.

A couple of the inks second and fourth from left were made in post-bottom molds and likely date from the to s range; the fourth ink amber also has two small air venting marks on each side of the outside edge of the shoulder ring.

Ring shoulder cone inks were probably the most common single ink bottle type made during the noted era and particularly between and the late s. Prior to that time the "umbrella ink" was probably the most common wood projects catalog file ink bottle type; after that era, cylindrical and square ink bottles with vertical body sides were most common.

These types are discussed shortly. The following cylindrical ink bottles have vertical body sides instead of the inwardly tapering towards the shoulder bodies of the cone inks discussed above. Vertical bodies : The cylindrical, non-conical ink bottle with the label pictured to the right is an English made bottle the wood projects catalog file notes that the ink was Made in Gt. Britain from the s to s range.

This bottle is 2" 5 cm tall and 1. These and similar type inks were commonly imported into the U. The close-up image shows the rough "burst-off" type finish which is almost a non-finish finish which is very commonly encountered with English made ink bottles though was also used in U. Click the following link to see an amazing film clip from the early 20th century showing glass blowers using the burst-off method of detaching the blowpipe: Early 20th century mouth-blown bottle making film clip.

Film clip is compliments of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company. Many thanks to Phil Perry, engineer with that company. Click base view to see such.

Wood projects catalog file light green, cylindrical ink bottle pictured to the right is an early wood projects catalog file. This example is 2. There is, however, a sharp horizontal seam encircling the base of the finish that the vertical side seams terminate at.

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