Acanthus An acanthus is a leafy carved ornament in the top of the columns of the Corinthian. A cylindrical meeaning drilled into the surface of a workpiece in order to recess a screw or bolt head or nut. Pie-crust edge A Pie-crust edge is usually on tables and the tops edge is carved or moulded in scallops. Spindle Woodwork furniture piece meaning. Board Foot.

Collet runout: The amount of deviation from center wobble in a router collet, measured in thousandths of an inch. Contact adhesive: A thin, rubber-based adhesive, used most often for bonding plastic laminate to substrates. You apply the adhesive to both mating surfaces, then allow it to dry until tacky. When joined, the surfaces bond on contact. Core : In sheet goods, the layer or layers of material between the face and back veneers. Counterbore : A stopped hole in a workpiece that allows you to set a screwhead below the surface of the wood.

You can plug the counterbore to hide the head, shown below. Countersink : A shallow, conical hole in a workpiece that matches the shape of a flathead screwhead. When used without a counterbore, it positions the head flush with the surrounding surface, shown above. Cutting Diagram: An illustrated guide that depicts the quantities and sizes of boards required for a project as well as where each part should be laid out to minimize waste.

While extremely handy for defining lumber needs, cutting diagrams can't account for grain variations in solid wood stock or sheet goods, or for defects in solid stock. So, use a cutting diagram as a guideline only.

Dado: A square-cornered channel cut across the wood grain, typically using a dado set or a straight router bit, shown below. Dead-blow hammer : A plastic-bodied hammer with a hollow head that's partially filled with steel shot.

When struck against an object, the shot shifts quickly to that end of the head. This transfer of mass prevents the head from bouncing and delivers a solid blow without marring workpieces.

Dead-blow hammers are ideal for assembling and disassembling projects. Dry-fit: Temporarily assembling a project without glue or permanent fasteners.

Use this technique to check the accuracy and fit of joinery, and to determine the sequence for final assembly. Dry time: The amount of time it takes for glue in an assembled joint to completely dry or cure and achieve full strength. This time varies from a few hours to 24 hours, depending on the glue type. Also called cure time. Ease: To slightly relieve, or "soften," a sharp edge on a piece of wood.

Edge grain: Wood characterized by the growth rings being 45 or more degrees, preferably perpendicular, to the surface of a board. Generally, edging is applied oversize, and flush-trimmed to matching thickness, shown below.

FAS: An abbreviation used in hardwood-lumber grading for Firsts-and-Seconds: the best boards cut from a log. An FAS board measures at least 6" wide by 8' long, and yields a minimum of 83 percent clear cuttings areas free of knots and defects , shown above.

These areas must be at least 4"x5' or 3"x7'. Face grain: The pattern made by growth rings in wood on the greatest surface of a board. False front: A non-structural face applied to a drawer assembly to provide the drawer's finished visible surface, shown below. A false front often is larger than the drawer-box front. Because it is separate from the drawer box, you can adjust the false front, upon assembly, to get the best fit in the drawer opening without repositioning the slides or other drawer hardware.

Feather board: A device made up of a series of narrow fingers that hold a workpiece firmly in position against a machine's table surface or fence, shown below. A feather board helps increase accuracy and improves safety. You can make your own or purchase plastic versions. Flush-trim router bit: A straight bit with a bearing mounted at the tip, shown below. Typical use includes trimming workpieces--wood or plastic laminate, for instance—to conform to a template or substrate.

Forstner bit: A patented drill bit for sinking holes that does not penetrate all the way through the material. Used for holes requiring a flat bottom.

Grain direction: The direction in which the dominating, elongated fibers or cells lie in the structure of wood. Green wood: Stock, usually in rough-cut lumber or log form, that has been cut but not dried, and retains a high moisture content.

Woodturners often use green stock because of its workability. Groove: A square-cornered channel similar to a dado, but cut parallel to the wood grain. Handscrew: A traditional clamp with two long wooden jaws joined by two threaded rods, shown below. The rods adjust independently by turning the handles, which allows you to position the jaws parallel or at angles to one another. Handscrews come in a variety of sizes, based on the length of the jaws 4" to 12".

Throat depth equals half of jaw length. Hardboard comes in three grades: service, standard, and service-tempered the best choice for shop use , with one smooth face or two, as shown, below. The material often goes by Masonite, the brand name used by one manufacturer. The holes receive hooks that are often used for tool storage.

Hardwood: Wood derived from broadleaf trees—oak, walnut, ash, and cherry, for example. In temperate regions, these trees are deciduous, dropping their leaves annually. Called angiosperms, the trees produce seeds in the form of fruits or nuts. Not all hardwoods are hard and heavy. Balsa, for example, is classified as a hardwood although it contains light, soft wood. Hone: To polish and refine a cutting edge by rubbing it against a hard, smooth stone or other surface.

Jig: A device that holds a workpiece or tool so that a woodworking task can be performed efficiently and accurately. Kerf: The slot or opening produced in a workpiece by a saw blade as it cuts through the material.

Kickback: The dangerous mishap that occurs if a spinning blade or bit catches a workpiece and throws it toward the machine operator. Kiln-dried lumber: Stickered boards dried at an accelerated rate by exposure to warm, dry air inside a chamber called a kiln. By controlling airflow, humidity, and temperature, this process reduces moisture content in just days or weeks to desired levels—6 to 10 percent for hardwoods and high-grade softwoods, 12 to 20 percent for construction lumber.

Length stop: A block of wood fixed in place to serve as a reference point when a number of pieces need to be crosscut to the same length on a radial arm or tablesaw. Also called a stop block. Magnetic starter: A type of power switch, often used on tablesaws and other large stationary machines. Typically, it contains contact points that are held closed—when the switch operates in the "on" position—by electromagnetic attraction.

In the event of a power interruption, the attraction stops, allowing a spring to pull the contacts apart, turning the switch off. This prevents an accidental restart when electrical power returns. Materials list: A chart accompanying a woodworking project that details every part by letter, name, dimensions, material, and quantity. The list may include notes that indicate special cutting instructions. Moisture content: The total amount of water in a piece of wood, expressed as a percentage of the wood's over-dry weight.

The content can be determined using a moisture meter, shown below. For kiln-dried stock, moisture content generally runs from 4 to 10 percent. Mullion: A vertical member of a cabinet or door frame that forms a division between two units, such as panels, shown below. Open time: The amount of time after glue is spread before it becomes unworkable or loses its ability to create a bond.

Also called working time. Open time varies depending on temperature, glue type, and humidity. Use the following times as rough guidelines:. Note: Some manufacturers make glues with extended open times. Use these for large or time-consuming glue-ups. Penetrating finish: A finish, usually wiped on, that soaks into wood pores so that it resides in the wood itself. Tung oil, linseed oil, and Danish oil are examples of penetrating finishes.

Frequently, this material gets hung vertically and used for tool storage. Often, this material is referred to as Peg-Board— the brand name of one such product. Pilot hole: A hole drilled in a workpiece to receive the threaded portion of a screw. The pilot hole is just slightly smaller than the screw's thread diameter. Pushstick: A safety device used to push a workpiece past a blade or bit during a machining operation while keeping your hands out of harm's way. Make your own or buy commercially made versions, shown below.

Rabbet: An L-shaped channel cut along the edge or end of a workpiece, typically using a rabbeting bit or dado set. Rail: A horizontal member, most typically in a cabinet's face frame or door, and running between two vertical pieces. Resaw: Slicing a length of wood with the blade running parallel to the workpiece faces to create thinner pieces.

Usually done on a tablesaw or bandsaw, shown below. Rough-sawn: Boards—typically hardwoods—cut to thickness, and sometimes width, during the initial milling process. This leaves telltale rough, splintery surfaces on all sides. Does not include planing or reripping.

S2S: A lumber-industry abbreviation for "surfaced on two sides". These boards are planed on both faces to final thickness after milling and drying. Typical S2S Thicknesses hardwoods :. S3S: An abbreviation for "surfaced on three sides".

Here, boards get planed on both faces, and then straight-line ripped on one edge, shown below. Most hardwood sells as S3S or S2S. S4S: An abbreviation for "surfaced on four sides". These boards get planed on both faces, and then ripped on both edges to make them parallel, shown above.

Most often, this process produces "dimensional" lumber in standard sizes, such as 1x6, 2x4, and so forth. You'll find softwood construction lumber sold this way, as well as hardwoods in home centers. Screw pocket: A hole drilled at an angle into a board or piece of sheet goods to allow it to be screwed to another piece of material. Self-centering bit: A specialized drill bit designed to bore perfectly centered pilot holes for hinge-mounting screws, shown below. The bit uses a standard twist drill inside a retractable spring-loaded sleeve.

A tapered end on the sleeve fits into the countersink on a hinge screw hole to automatically center the bit when you press the sleeve against the hinge. Commonly referred to as "Vix" bits the brand name of the original version , self-centering bits come in various sizes to accommodate different screw gauges.

Set time: The amount of time it takes for glue in an assembly to dry or cure sufficiently for the clamps to be removed. Set time varies depending on temperature, glue type, and humidity. Note: Several manufacturers offer quick-set glues that achieve high tack stickiness just after application. This is then bonded to a composite such as particleboard or medium density fiberboard. There are two kinds of engineered wood: plywood and particleboard, which is also called fiberboard.

When wood is engineered from slices of lumber it is called plywood. Plywood can have 3 to 5 thin slices of wood glued together under high pressure. When chips and fibers that remain after a tree is milled into lumber are combined and glued together it is called particleboard or fiberboard. Medium density fiberboard is made by breaking down wood chips into fibers, mixing the fibers with glue, and fusing the resulting mixture under heat and pressure to produce a board.

Wood from broad-leafed trees that lose their leaves in winter, such as oak, ash, cherry, maple, walnut, and poplar is known as hardwood. Hardwood is generally considered better for furniture construction than softwood as it has strength and stability. Conversely, it can present difficulties in carving or detailing. There are many tropical hardwoods that come from tropical forests, such as mahogany, teak, and ipe. Inlay is a decorative technique that is used to create designs in wood by placing pieces of contrasting wood into a surface, usually at the same level, to form a design.

A design or pattern created by using this technique is also known as inlay. This term is used for furniture that is sold unassembled or partially assembled which is known as "Knocked Down" furniture. Kilns are large ovens or in which wood is dried or cured through carefully controlled heat and humidity. Wood that has been kiln dried resists warping splitting and cracking. Softwood comes from needle-bearing trees that remain green in the winter, such as pine or cedar.

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