Its one jaw is fixed to the carpentry shop practical zeros of the table while the other is movable by means of practiical carpentry shop practical zeros and a handle. Out of the two adjustments that are in built in the design of the plane, one is to regulate the depth of cut and the other is to straighten the blade so thatit produces a flat surface. Each project builds on the skill learned in the preceding chapter. From Business: We are here to help! Had it with rolling benches that wiggle and wobble?

The width of the capping to show position of wires so that the screws may not be driven through wrong position. Wood gutties are fixed on the wall separated by a distance of not more than one meter.

Round porcelain disc insulator are used between the wood gutties and casting. The fixing is done with countersunk scores into the gutties.

The capping is screwed over 15cm for all sized up to 6cm. The cable is free the effects of moisture, acids alkalies and climatic variations. It can be exposed to sun. The system is even suitable for places where chemical fumes are present.

This covering provides protection to the cable from mechanical injury. In residential buildings they are run over wooden battens. The sheathed should be earthed otherwise electrolytic action may take place to the leakage of current and there by deteriorate the covering These cables are not suitable for places where chemical corrosion may rise.

They effect on the open ends of cable are give; these cable are more costly than CTS ones. The following points should be noted when installing metal sheathed wiring. Metal clips and Saddles used to support the cable should be placed 40cm apart. The support used should not be of such a material as to cause chemical action with the sheaths.

The icas sheath should be run over a damp place. The cable should be run over the damp place. The cable should be run in conduits when crossing the floor or wall. Sharp bends should be avoided. Conduit wiring: workshop and public building this is the best and most Desirable system of wiring it provides mechanical protection and safety against fire. They can be supported over the wall by saddles and pipe hooks.

VICE: a Vice should not be used as an anvil. They are specified in length and the range is 15, 20, 25, or 30 cm. Insulated Plier is particular used on live wires because the insulation gives protection from shocks. They are used for taking out or driving slotted heat screws by The size is measured by its blades. A good driver has a hardened and tempered egde. The edge should not be ground to suit different screw heads.

POKER: it is a pointed tool with flat sides and used for making pibt holes for screws in wood casing boxes etc. They are of different length and different diameters. The diameters various steps of 3mm from 6mm to 25mm. Chucks to take drill bits up to 9. Serve the purpose of an Electrician. The numbers are marked on each slot. Holes are provided at the end slot for moving the wire easily. To find the gauge of a wire, the particular slit is found by trail into which a bare wire just slides without being damaged.

The number stamped opposite to the number of the gauge required. KNIFE: it is folding steel knife, which is very useful for cleaning wires. It should not be used for cutting wires.

Usually they are made of steel the tool bits are numbered according to the size of plugs used. Their importance lies in wiring concrete and stonewalls. Holes are made on the walls of sufficient depth and fires plugs are inserted in them. The material to beheld in position is placed on the plug to expand and grip the wall. While using the tool, it should be rotated slowly after each hammering moreover it Should not be used on the material.

SPT Single polo tumbler switch 5 Amps. Intermediate switch 5 Amps. Batton holder Brass or Bakelite 6. Pendant holder Brass or Bakelite 7. Slanting or angle holder brass Wall bracket 9. Batton holder MC Miniature cup type Wall socket 2 pin 5 Amps. Wall socket 3 Pin 5 Amps Ceiling rose 5 Amps Junction box or cut 5 Amps.

Bed room transformer volts. SWG Standard wire gauge used for expressing the size of wires. Kat 15 Amps. Flexible wire plastic or silk core. Wooden screws 60mm, 50mm, and No. Wooden screws 20mm no 5 for tumbles switches ceiling rose cut out power plug and repair. Wooden screw 12 mm, no 4 for batton holder Porcelain cleats 2way and 3 way Wood casing and capping Link clips 45mm, 35,, and 30mm etc. Nails 12mm no 17 for link clips. Bare copper wires, no.

The Earth is the biggest negative terminal. In an electric circuit ,if there is any gap due to improper connection, the air being a poor conductor , current will not flow in the circuit. Bur of such a circuit having positive potential is touched by a human being, current will pass through the body into the earth making him a part of the circuit. Higher the voltage, higher the damage. So the danger of shock is prevented in those countries whereas we have the pro0blem, due to V supply voltage.

Ear thing is a safety device to run an electric conductor in parallel to the circuit connecting body of the equipment and a third point to the earth. By this in case of any open circuit accidentally, the current will travel through the earth wire to earth causing no damage t the person becoming a part of the circuit. It is legally necessary for all machines and other equipment used in factories. FUSE :Fuse is a device to protect electrical equipment against overloading of its components due to short circuits etc.

Every electrical If the current supplied is higher, it will damage the equipment. To prevent such damage a thin wire of low melting point-alloy of optimum current carrying capacity is provided near the main switch in the circuit. If due to any short circuit or voltage fluctuation, the current in the circuit exceeds the limit, the fuse-wire gets melted due to low melting point-alloy with which it is made and the thin dia breaking the circuit.

This saves the electric equipment from getting spoiled by continuous exposure to such high current. The risk is not always apparent, be careful. Take no chance. Always switch off the main switch before replacing a blown fuse. Always use correct size of fuse, while replacing blown fuse. Always maintain earth connection in satisfactory condition, safety depends upon good earthling. Beware of live-wires or conductors bare or insulated.

Before switching on current to any portable equipment, make sure that it is properly earthed and insulation is sound. Be sure that all the connections are tight. Before working on inductive circuits or cable discharge them through short circuit or earth.

Never disconnect a plug point by pulling the flexible wire. Never temper unnecessary with any electrical apparatus unless you are authorized to handle it. Never touch an over head line unless you sure that it is dead and properly earthed. Never energies a line unless you are sure that all is clean and there is no one working on that line.

Never temper with electric prospective or inter-locking gearing unless you are specially authorized for them, taking all precautious.

The advices are for your safety only. While handling any portable appliances table fan etc. When cells are being charged in a room, always maintain good ventilation.

Never bring a naked light near a battery. Do not bring a naked light near a battery, Smoking is also prohibited in the battery room. Rubber mattresses are placed in front of electrical panels and switch boards. Do not tie the wire with electric pole. In case of fire: i Do not throw water on equipment. It will be very harmful to you, because water is good conductor of electricity. Use portable insulated hand lamp for testing purpose.

Pipe 3 Nos. WAG P. Pipe according to circuit diagram. Complete the wiring as per the circuit diagram and check it with mugger before giving the supply. Route Diagram Circuit Diagram Earthing Exercise-4 b To ensure that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential. To maintain the voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the appliances or equipment.

To provide protection against static electricity from friction Concept of Earthing Systems All the people living or working in residential, commercial and industrial installations, particularly the operators and personnel who are in close operation and contact with electrical systems and machineries, should essentially be protected against possible electrification.

To achieve this protection, earthing system of an installation is defined, designed and installed according to the standard requirements.. Figure 1 shows a hacksaw commonly used, it essentially consists of a frame, Handle, Prongs, tightening screw and nut.

The blade is fixed in position and tightened by means of the tightening screws. It has a handle have the length to a suitable leverage, front position is like the letter C, Three rollers are fixed in it.

The shape of the rollers is convex on both sides. They are made of alloy steel hardened and tempered. They rotate themselves with friction while moving around the pipe. The third daily block is pressed by means of hydraulic jack and bends the pipes according to the requirements. Dies are available in different sizes and each one will form thread of that specify size i. Dies are fixed in die holder and pipe to be threaded is fixed in pipe vice.

Dies are inserted on to the pipe and die holder is gradually rotated completely till the threads are formed on the pipe. It is required to check with the help of socket whether thread is completing formed or not.

Die holder has to be rotated in opposite direction for withdrawing the die sets form the pipe. It can be rotated in the regular direction partially and dies also rotate. It can be rotated in opposite direction in which ratchet slips and only holder is rotated but not die sets. Again it For withdrawing die sets, ratchet position is reversed so that it rotates the die set in the opposite direction and slips in the regular direction. Thus die sets are withdrawn from the pipe.

These pipes wrenches are manufactured from 50 to 60 cm length. The teeth are provided on the jaws to hold the pipe in position and prevent its slipping while tightening. After fixing the chain around the pipe, the chain end is inserted in a box for locking with a pin, It holds the pipe firmly and it is fit for rotation on either ways. It is used for screwing and unscrewing of small diameter pipes. It can also be used in tightening of nuts of bolts, fixing of small taps, valves, etc, in the pipe lines.

It is used in house plumbing work. It is the most tool used in the plumbing work. As pipes are made in standard lengths, and desired length of a pipe may be obtained by joining them. The type of joint used depends upon the material of the pipe and purpose for which it is used. Generally, pipes are made of cast iron, wrought, iron, steel, brass or copper.

The material selection is based on the nature of the fluid to be conveyed, viz. Now a days PVC Polyvinyl chloride pipes are extensively used ease for various purpose. It is used to join two pipes of the same diameter on a straight line, on any length of pipes. It has inner threads in the both ends to a short length.

The two pipes are screwed in it is any length. It accommodates three pipes at any length. It accommodates four pipes at any length. It has a square neck for a spanner to rotate for tightening or loosening. After tightening the pipes on both ends the octogen nut is tightened. It is used in the pipe line only to separate the connections without disturbing the pipe line.

The fluid may be stopped or allowed in any quantity according to the rotation. This also makes possible leakage proof system. They can be easily transported, handled fixed and maintained.

In mines and vent lines in drainage systems. In Industries, Chemical Plants, Dairies… as chemical waste lines or overflow lines ……. Distribution of water in agricultural fields…….

Galvanized Iron Pipe is fixed in the pipe vice and cut to the required length. The two set screws are adjusted such that the pipe slightly enters into the die set. The threads so formed are known as British Standard pipe BSP threads in accordance with the die set used. The thread length is approximately equal to the die width. Description Quantity 1. Description 1. Pipe Wrench 4. Pipe Vice 5.

One end of other pipe is fixed to other side TEE. Other end of the pipe, elbow is fixed. Union Joint 1 It consists of Three Pieces. Coupling 1. It consist of one piece 2. Its usage disturbs the pipes in contact and on either side.

Sheet Metal work: Sheet metal work also known as tin smithy. It is the art of working with sheet metal using hand tools and simple machines into various forms by cutting, forming into shape and joining. Sheet metal works deals with working on the metal of gauge, with hand tools and simple Machines. It is one of the major applications in engineering industry. It has its own significance as useful trade in engineering work.

Sheet works such as making a tray, box, funnel, chimney, air duct, fabricate boiler shells and pipe joints from thin or thick plates, etc. For successful working in the trade, one should have a thorough knowledge of projective geometry and development of surfaces.

It has its own significance as a useful trade in engineering works and also our day-to-day requirements. Common examples of sheet metal work are hoppers, containers, guards, covers, pipes, funnels, bends, boxes etc. In sheet metal work to obtain an accurate size and shape of the article from the flat sheet knowledge of geometry, mensuration and properties of metal is must essential since nearly all patterns come from the development of the surfaces of member of geometrical models.

Pattern: It is the flat outline of the object. Is is developed to find the exact amount of sheet metal required. Patterns are obtained from the development of surface of primitive solids like cylinder, prism, cone, pyramids using their orthographic projections. Applications of Sheet Metal: Sheet metal work is used for making hopper, funnels, various air- conditioning duct, chimneys, ventilating pipes, machine tool guards, boiler etc.

It is also extensively used in major industries like air craft, manufacturing, ship building, automobile body building and fabrication of duct in air conditioning equipment etc. Beside development of surfaces, geometrical projections are also used for sheet metal work.

General procedure for sheet metal work: The exact size and shape of the sheet to Carpentry Shop Practical Gas be cut is given by the development of the surface of the concerned object. During sheet metal development, cutting lines are scribed by thick lines and folding lines by thin lines to avoid mistakes during cutting of the sheet. Development drawn on a flat sheet of metal then the sheet is cut. When cutting larger sheets, allow the right part to bend down out of the edge of workpiece and pull the left part up to leave space for your hand to separate the snip.

The cut sheet is folded or rolled with a required shape before the joints are made by welding or any other form of fastening Specification of sheet metal: The sheet is specified by standard gauge numbers each gauge designates a definite thickness. The gauge number can be identified by standard wire gauge S. G The following table shows gauge numbers and their corresponding thick ness of sheet. The G 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30 Thickness mm 3. Selection of these metals is based up on the type of proses.

Application: It is used for making a pans, buckets, furnaces heating ducks, cabinets etc. It is costly metal. Application: It is used for lining in the tank, flooring in chemical pants and it is used in battery plates. Tools used in sheet metal work: 1. Measuring and marking tools. Though there are many types of chisels available, round nose chisels and flat chisels are mostly used for sheet metal work. In sheet metal work, straight and curved ships are mostly used Straight ships: A straight ship has straight blades for straight line cutting and used for cutting along outside curves and straight lines.

Curved snips or Bend ships: It has curved blades for making circular cuts, it is used for trimming along the inside curves or cutting along a curvature. This tool is used for cutting thin metal sheets, before or after marking, according to the jobs, is called snips.

The straight snip is used for cutting along outside curves and straight lines and curved snip or bent snip is for trimming along inside curves.

Bench shear or Hand lever shear: it is used cut sheets up to 6mm thickness. It consists of fixed lower blade and movable upper blade. The movable blade is operated by the operating handle and leaver mechanism. Sheet metal may be cut by shearing action. In this, the force is applied through a compound lever, making it possible to cut sheet metal. Striking tools: a Hammers. Hammers: hammers are used to produce shapes in sheet metal by stretching hollowing, leveling, riveting, strengthening of sheet metal joins etc.

The following hammers are mostly used in sheet metal works. Light weight hammers and mallets are used in sheet metal work. Ballpeen Hammer has a cylindrical slightly curved face and a ball head. It is a general purpose hammer used mostly for riveting in sheet metal work. The cross-peen hammer and straight peen hammers are used for folding the sheet and to work in the corners of the object.

Ball peen hammer ii. Straight peen hammer iii. Cross peen hammer iv. Setting hammer v. Creasing hammer vi. Raising hammer vii. Riveting hammer viii. Soft nylon hammer ix.

Mallet Mallet: Mallet is used for bending and folding work. It is called as soft hammer. Generally, it is made of wood.

Punches: punch is used in sheet metal for marking out centers. Punch is used in sheet metal jobs for punching or deep marking. The following two types of punches are widely used i. Dot punch ii. Center punch Dot Punch — It is used for marking dotted lines. Centre Punch — It is like a dot punch used to mark the centre of hole before drilling. Bending tools: Pliers: Pliers are mainly used in sheet metal work for bending thee sheet metal to the required shape it is also used for holding and cutting the sheet metal.

The flat nose pliers and round nose pliers are used in sheet metal work for forming and holding work. Flat nose plier. Combination plier. Su pporting tools: Stakes: stakes are nothing but sheet metal workers anvils used for bending, hemming, seaming, forming etc. Stakes are made in different shapes and sizes to suit the types of operations. A stake consists of a shank and a head or horn. Stakes are nothing but anvils, which are used as supporting tools and to form, seam, bend or rivet, sheet metal objects.

They are made from wrought iron, faced with steel. Types of stake: i. Half-moon stake: It is used to produce circular labs and circular folder seams. Hatchet stake: It consists of a horizontal sharp straight edge. Used for making straight and sharp Funnel stake: It has a tapered round working face.

It is used for shaping conical surface and making wire rings. Website Directions Services More Info. Website Directions. Weston Surfaces, Inc. Carpenters Stone Cutting Bathroom Remodeling. Paul Bosch Inc Carpenters. Carpentry By Gus Carpenters. Preferred Construction Ent Carpenters.

Phillip Woronick Carpentry Carpenters. Dave Holler Carpenter Carpenters. Peacock Construction Carpenters. Woodwork Pro's Carpenters. O'Connor Custom Carpentry Carpenters. Please help others by helping us do better. Suggest a Business. Woodworking devices and hand tools require jigs and components to reach their complete potential.

A table saw can slice wood effectively but tenon making needs a fixture. Drilling holes in line on the drill press requires a fence. You can Bandsaw circles liberty. Hand tools are simply as based on jigs. A corner sculpt requires a guide to sculpt a square mortise corner.

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