Geodetic and Plane surveying are the two categories of surveying that differ mainly in the assumptions on which the computations are based. The measurements for geodetic surveys are made to a higher order of accuracy. In geodetic surveying (or geodesy), the curved shape of the earth is taken into account. The plane table surveying is one of the fastest and easiest methods of surveying. Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the same time in plane table surveying. It is useful for the following cases  What is Plane Table Surveying? Setup & Methods. Saidis Salekin Aninda. The plane table surveying is one of the fastest and easiest methods of surveying. Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the same time in plane table surveying. It is useful for the following cases. The plane table surveying is the fast method of surveying. In this type of surveying plotting of the plan and field observations can be Total Tools Hand Plane Youtube done simultaneously. In case of plane table surveying Geometrical conditions of site are manuscript in the map sheet using plane table and alidade after that topographic details are arranged on the map. Equipment Used in Plane Table Survey. General equipment used for conducting plane table survey are. Plane table. Alidade for sighting (telescopic or simple). Land Surveying Software is a staple of plane surveying tools land surveying. In this method of orientation, the survey shrveying previously drawn from a previous survey station is redrawn from the new station. List of Materials used in building construction — 34 Materials! From this article, we plane surveying tools let us know all the major merits and demerits of the plane table survey. They are fully robotic, and Planet Woodturning Tools 2020 can even e-mail point data to a remote computer and connect to satellite positioning systemssuch as Global Positioning System.

The simplest coordinate systems assume that the earth is flat and measure from an arbitrary point, known as a 'datum' singular form of data. The coordinate system allows easy calculation of the distances and direction between objects over small areas. Large areas distort due to the earth's curvature. North is often defined as true north at the datum.

For larger regions, it is necessary to model the shape of the earth using an ellipsoid or a geoid. Many countries have created coordinate-grids customized to lessen error in their area of the earth. A basic tenet of surveying is that no measurement is perfect, and that there will always be a small amount of error. Surveyors avoid these errors by calibrating their equipment, using consistent methods, and by good design of their reference network.

Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. Independent checks like measuring a point from two or more locations or using two different methods are used, and errors can be detected by comparing the results of two or more measurements, thus utilizing redundancy.

Once the surveyor has calculated the level of the errors in his or her work, it is adjusted. This is the process of distributing the error between all measurements. Each observation is weighted according to how much of the total error it is likely to have caused and part of that error is allocated to it in a proportional way.

The most common methods of adjustment are the Bowditch method, also known as the compass rule, and the principle of least squares method. The surveyor must be able to distinguish between accuracy and precision.

In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use units of feet wherein a survey foot breaks down into 10ths and ths. Many deed descriptions containing distances are often expressed using these units Calculation and mapping tolerances are much smaller wherein achieving near-perfect closures are desired.

Though tolerances will vary from project to project, in the field and day to day usage beyond a th of a foot is often impractical. Local organisations or regulatory bodies class specializations of surveying in different ways. Broad groups are:. Based on the considerations and true shape of the earth, surveying is broadly classified into two types.

Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles.

It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the earth's shape are too small to matter. In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account while calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large survey works.

Survey works up to square miles square kilometers are treated as plane and beyond that are treated as geodetic. The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved. Engineering, especially civil engineering, often needs surveyors. Surveyors help determine the placement of roads, railways, reservoirs, dams, pipelines , retaining walls , bridges, and buildings.

They establish the boundaries of legal descriptions and political divisions. They also provide advice and data for geographical information systems GIS that record land features and boundaries. Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of algebra , basic calculus , geometry , and trigonometry.

They must also know the laws that deal with surveys, real property , and contracts. Licensing requirements vary with jurisdiction, and are commonly consistent within national borders. Prospective surveyors usually have to receive a degree in surveying, followed by a detailed examination of their knowledge of surveying law and principles specific to the region they wish to practice in, and undergo a period of on-the-job training or portfolio building before they are awarded a license to practise.

Licensed surveyors usually receive a post nominal , which varies depending on where they qualified. The system has replaced older apprenticeship systems.

A licensed land surveyor is generally required to sign and seal all plans. The state dictates the format, showing their name and registration number. In many jurisdictions, surveyors must mark their registration number on survey monuments when setting boundary corners. Monuments take the form of capped iron rods, concrete monuments, or nails with washers. Most countries' governments regulate at least some forms of surveying.

Their survey agencies establish regulations and standards. Standards control accuracy, surveying credentials, monumentation of boundaries and maintenance of geodetic networks. Cadastral surveys tend to be the most regulated because of the permanence of the work. Lot boundaries established by cadastral surveys may stand for hundreds of years without modification.

Most jurisdictions also have a form of professional institution representing local surveyors. These institutes often endorse or license potential surveyors, as well as set and enforce ethical standards.

They represent the survey industry worldwide. Most English-speaking countries consider building surveying a distinct profession. They have their own professional associations and licensing requirements. A building surveyor can provide technical building advice on existing buildings, new buildings, design, compliance with regulations such as planning and building control.

A building surveyor normally acts on behalf of his or her client ensuring that their vested interests remain protected. One of the primary roles of the land surveyor is to determine the boundary of real property on the ground.

The surveyor must determine where the adjoining landowners wish to put the boundary. The boundary is established in legal documents and plans prepared by attorneys, engineers, and land surveyors. The surveyor then puts monuments on the corners of the new boundary. They might also find or resurvey the corners of the property monumented by prior surveys. Cadastral land surveyors are licensed by governments. Cadastral surveyors often have to work around changes to the earth that obliterate or damage boundary monuments.

When this happens, they must consider evidence that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence. Three of the four U. Presidents on Mount Rushmore were land surveyors. George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and Abraham Lincoln surveyed colonial or frontier territories prior to serving office. David T.

Abercrombie practiced land surveying before starting an outfitter store of excursion goods. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book The Lost City of Z and were later adapted on film screen. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The technique, profession, and science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them. This article is about measuring positions on Earth. For other uses, see Survey disambiguation and Surveyor disambiguation. Further information: List of surveying instruments.

Surveying equipment. Main article: Levelling. Main article: Geodetic network. Main article: Geodetic datum. Main article: Cadastral surveying. Burt's solar compass — Surveying instrument that uses the sun's direction instead of magnetism Cartography — The study and practice of making maps Chartered Surveyor Exsecant — Trigonometric function defined as secant minus one International Federation of Surveyors — Global organization for the profession of surveying and related disciplines Prismatic compass — Navigation and surveying instrument to measure magnetic bearing Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Surveying in early America.

Retrieved 17 February Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN Retrieved 30 August International Federation of Surveyors. Retrieved 20 July Archived from the original on 10 March Archived from the original on 29 July GIM International.

Retrieved 17 October Retrieved 9 September London: Imperial College Press. Berlin: de Gruyter. Retrieved 10 August Surveying by BC Punmia. Retrieved 9 December Surveying and Levelling. Retrieved 28 July Retrieved 12 March Albert White, , Pub: Washington, D. Use of extrinsic evidence to aid interpretation of deeds. Search for 'hps buglist' on the internet to find more information.

The user must key these programs into an HP35s calculator manually by following the instructions in the document. The package includes traverse, inverse, triangle, intersection, horizontal and vertical curves, area, ratio, and angle arithmetic functions. If there is a previous version on the computer, please copy any personal files stored in the installation directory and uninstall the old version before installing the new version.

The new installer is much smaller because it assumes certain files are already installed. Operating systems previous to Windows XP may require installation of an additional package or may not work at all. If neither location exists, the user must choose one of them. Optionally the installer can add a desktop shortcut for the program, a quick launch shortcut for the program, or a desktop shortcut for the data folder. Note that shortcuts created by the installer will be available for all users.

The program shortcuts will link to the common program location, and the data folder shortcut will link to the current user's private data folder. Survey tools and technology Last updated Feb. Download MnCon. It will copy MnCon. Notes The current version of MnCon is 4.

Download MnCogo It will copy MnCogo Notes The current version of MnCogo32 is 1. Download MnDataSheet. It will copy MnDataSheet. Notes Other individuals or agencies may use MnDataSheet at their own risk, with no expectation of user support. The current version of MnDataSheet is 1. New software format notes. Download MnGetDataSheets. It will copy MnGetDataSheets.

The descriptions in this book are largely independent of these advances, because they do not change the basic way in which the instrument works, but simply mean that readings can be taken more simply and quickly. The particular techniques for using manual instruments have also been included, for those occasions and locations where electronic instruments are not available or appropriate.

It is useful to know the names of the principal types of survey and the nature of the work which is involved. Engineering surveys are usually classified in the following ways. By their purpose 1 Geodetic To determine the shape of the earth or to provide an accurate framework for a big survey, whose size means that the curvature of the earth must be taken into account.

Topographic surveys record all the features of the landscape which can be shown on the scale of the map. Topographic maps are usually produced by means of aerial or satellite photogrammetry. Concerned only with those features of the landscape which are relevant to such boundaries.

Engineering surveys are concerned only with the features relevant to the task in hand. Engineering surveyors are likely to come in contact with all these types of survey, but are less likely to have to conduct a topographic survey. For this reason, the techniques of topographic surveying are not covered in this book—for further information on this class of surveying, see Mikhail et al. By their scale The scale of a survey will affect the instruments and techniques used, as well as the type of projection used to display or record the results.

In a topographic survey, it will also determine the amount and type of topographic detail which is recorded.

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