6 Пилот связался с итальянской авиадиспетчерской службой, чтобы попросить разрешение на экстренную посадку. Решение #. 1 jet lag (биоритм). 2 aisle seat (место рядом с проходом). 3 hand luggage (ручной клади).  6 air-traffic control (авиадиспетчерская служба). 2a Match the words to form phrases. b Now use the phrases to fill in the gaps. 1 Every time I fly from New York to London, I get really bad jet lag. 2 Would you like an aisle seat or would you prefer to sit by the window? 3 How many items of hand luggage can I take onto the plane? 4 Your boarding pass will be issued at check-in. 5 Members of the cabin crew were there to greet passengers as they boarded the plane. How can airplanes fly through lightning storms? Can planes fly in snow? Lisa Lee.  Jets, are designed to endure the effects of high wind speed as long as its a head wind (flowing from front to back of the aircraft).. A tornado would be a vortex and flying through them will subject the aircraft to extreme cross winds/tail winds which would result in structural damage.  Planes can fly through tornados, but the prefered method of flight is to go around bad weather, especially such as tornados and hurricanes. Normally the distance to miss bad weather woulld be by 20 miles or more. The weather inside these anomolies can disrupt the flow of air, so causing updrafts or downdrafts making flying over them a problem. Упражнения с ответами из Workbook 11 класса Spotlight; упражнения из 8b. Their focus was elsewhere. The turbines of plaanes jet spin around thousands of times. Parts of a Jet Engine. While most airplanes will try jet planes fly through yours go around thunderstorms at all costs, sometimes it is just unavoidable. De-icing is used to take ice that has already formed off of an airframe. Insurance costs are reduced as well, because launches occur well away from land, and there is no need for a launch pad or blockhouse. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against throuh front of the engine.

The mixer helps to make the engine quieter. Sir Isaac Newton in the 18th century was the first to theorize that a rearward-channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. This theory was based on his third law of motion. As the hot air blasts backwards through the nozzle the plane moves forward. Henri Giffard built an airship which was powered by the first aircraft engine, a three-horse power steam engine.

It was very heavy, too heavy to fly. In , Felix de Temple , built a monoplane that flew just a short hop down a hill with the help of a coal fired steam engine. Otto Daimler , in the late 's invented the first gasoline engine. In , American Hiram Maxim tried to power his triple biplane with two coal fired steam engines.

It only flew for a few seconds. The early steam engines were powered by heated coal and were generally much too heavy for flight. American Samuel Langley made a model airplanes that were powered by steam engines. In , he was successful in flying an unmanned airplane with a steam-powered engine, called the Aerodrome. It flew about 1 mile before it ran out of steam. He then tried to build a full sized plane, the Aerodrome A, with a gas powered engine.

In , it crashed immediately after being launched from a house boat. In , the Wright Brothers flew, The Flyer , with a 12 horse power gas powered engine. From , the year of the Wright Brothers first flight, to the late s the gas powered reciprocating internal-combustion engine with a propeller was the sole means used to propel aircraft.

It was Frank Whittle , a British pilot, who designed and patented the first turbo jet engine in The Whittle engine first flew successfully in May, This engine featured a multistage compressor, and a combustion chamber, a single stage turbine and a nozzle. At the same time that Whittle was working in England, Hans von Ohain was working on a similar design in Germany.

The first airplane to successfully use a gas turbine engine was the German Heinkel He , in August, It was the world's first turbojet powered flight. It was the XPA experimental aircraft that first flew in October, The basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple.

Air taken in from an opening in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original pressure in compressor. The resulting hot air is passed through a turbine, which drives the compressor. If the turbine and compressor are efficient, the pressure at the turbine discharge will be nearly twice the atmospheric pressure, and this excess pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream of gas which produces a thrust.

Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained by employing an afterburner. It is a second combustion chamber positioned after the turbine and before the nozzle.

The afterburner increases the temperature of the gas ahead of the nozzle. The result of this increase in temperature is an increase of about 40 percent in thrust at takeoff and a much larger percentage at high speeds once the plane is in the air. The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding gases push hard against the front of the engine. The turbojet sucks in air and compresses or squeezes it.

The gases flow through the turbine and make it spin. These gases bounce back and shoot out of the rear of the exhaust, pushing the plane forward. A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller. The turbine at the back is turned by the hot gases, and this turns a shaft that drives the propeller.

Some small airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops. Like the turbojet, the turboprop engine consists of a compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine, the air and gas pressure is used to run the turbine, which then creates power to drive the compressor. Compared with a turbojet engine, the turboprop has better propulsion efficiency at flight speeds below about miles per hour. Modern turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a smaller diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at much higher flight speeds.

To accommodate the higher flight speeds, the blades are scimitar-shaped with swept-back leading edges at the blade tips. Engines featuring such propellers are called propfans. A turbofan engine has a large fan at the front, which sucks in air. Most of the air flows around the outside of the engine, making it quieter and giving more thrust at low speeds.

Most of today's airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet all the air entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. In a turbofan engine only a portion of the incoming air goes into the combustion chamber. The remainder passes through a fan, or low-pressure compressor, and is ejected directly as a "cold" jet or mixed with the gas-generator exhaust to produce a "hot" jet.

The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase thrust without increasing fuel consumption. It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the velocity within the same total energy supply. This is another form of gas-turbine engine that operates much like a turboprop system.

It does not drive a propellor. Instead, it provides power for a helicopter rotor. The turboshaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator.

This permits the rotor speed to be kept constant even when the speed of the generator is varied to modulate the amount of power produced. The ramjet is the most simple jet engine and has no moving parts. The speed of the jet "rams" or forces air into the engine. It is essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been omitted. Its application is restricted by the fact that its compression ratio depends wholly on forward speed.

The ramjet develops no static thrust and very little thrust in general below the speed of sound. As a consequence, a ramjet vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems. Eventually, Koningsveld channeled his interest in military aircraft into a freelance photography career. As he waited at the overlook for the next jet to fly through, Koningsveld said he was hoping to spot his favorite plane, an F Strike Eagle — and he did, the following day.

His wife was sporting a denim shirt with the picture of an F, a suggestion, perhaps, of a shared enthusiasm. Jose smiled and remained as silent as the desert. The exposed rocks on the canyon walls remind them of Tatooine, the home planet of Anakin and Luke Skywalker.

But the nickname was not a hot topic among the plane spotters — the European aviation photographers, military brats, veterans and the Campbells — stationed along the canyon rim on a breezy March day. Their focus was elsewhere. Hours passed. People napped. A woman worked on her tan. Some of the visitors made small talk, stopping mid-sentence whenever they heard the crackling of a radio scanner. A few of them would jump up with their cameras the second they heard a rumble.

Occasionally someone is lucky enough to observe a rare aircraft such as the F Nighthawk, a stealth attack aircraft that was retired in The crowd included a few tourists visiting Death Valley National Park, compelled to pull over at the overlook after spotting the lines of tripods and cameras. Sometimes a fighter jet would appear on the horizon with the answer. The couple had long been drawn to Death Valley and the desert landscape.

They started to visit the park with their children in the s, but were only vaguely aware that military jets flew in the area. About four years ago, they pulled into the parking lot of Father Crowley Outlook — by chance.

The Campbells were sipping tea inside the Dodge Caravan that they had converted into a camper when they saw a fighter jet burn and turn through the canyon. The Campbells sat on folding chairs at the overlook; a journal they use to log their sightings sat on a small gray table placed between them.

Nearby, radio scanners broke the silence, as pilots communicated with their towers. Over the years, the regulars have learned to depend on Campbell, who has become something of a human scanner. She seems to spot jets long before anyone else does. Mike Price, 66, and his wife, Shelley, 61, of Portland, Ore. It was about 2 p. A jet zoomed by and, all too soon, the moment was over.

For more Southern California news, follow latvives on Twitter. Get up to speed with our Essential California newsletter, sent six days a week. You may occasionally receive promotional content from the Los Angeles Times. Ruben Vives is a general assignment reporter for the Los Angeles Times. He helped uncover the financial corruption in the city of Bell that led to criminal charges against eight city officials.

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