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Dwellings of ordinary citizens had thatched roofs, though those of the highest rank were permitted to have tiled roofs. Wooden pillars or kapa found in temples, mansions, and palaces all over the country have intricately carved designs, with the lion or gaja simhayo, hamsayo , and dancers being common.

The pillars were either of the same diameter throughout or tapered slightly; the shaft was octagonal with a rectangular base and capital. Cube-shaped projections were also found intermittently throughout the length of the pillar. The octagonal facets of the pillar were carved with designs of the bo leaf, and the capital of the pillar was carved with motifs of garlands of pearls or mutu dela. The base of the pillar was carved with horizontal stepped incisions or asana-kadaya.

Wooden pillars usually rested on a stone base. A separate carved capital or bracket pe-kadaya was located where the pillar supported the beams. This was carved with decorative designs, usually pendant lotus forms from the mouth of the serapendiya Cnc Wood Carving Machine Price In Sri Lanka Daily ; the downward face of the flower had the figure of the dancer or the design of a hamsa-pattuva or bird was found in place of the petals. The rafters of the ceiling were also elaborately carved.

Usually there was a pala peti moulding at the inner angle and a liya vela or a branch ornament in the front. At the base on either side was found carved representations of either a guardian deity in low relief or the figure of a dancer or elephant. Door-jambs made of wood were treated similarly: the design of the geta liya pota or naga bandha was from where the rest of the carved jamb began and continued.

The lintel of the door could be straight or arched and plain or carved. Sometimes the carving was done on ivory as embellishment for the door; in this case the door-jamb itself was not carved. The bolt post and the bolt of the doors were carved with restraint, so that the decorative aspect would not interfere with the utilitarian one.

Windows were designed as smaller versions of doors. They either had single or two-leaved doors-shutters or else were fitted with lacquered or turned wooden bars with no shutters.

Traditionally wooden mosaic work was very popular in Galle and other areas in the southern part of the country. These have a wooden frame of four parts with four legs or kakul; the legs are thirmed and chafered or turned and lacquered.

The low head-rest or head-board is often finely carved. The ancient hour-glass shaped cane stool is still in use, as is the low stool or kolombuva. The three-legged bankurva is more ornate. These stools are beautifully carved and usually have flat legs. In ancient times no one except the king was allowed to sit on a chair with a back; these chairs were elaborately carved and painted or inlaid with ivory, a practice that can still be found.

Tables or altars for offering flowers, dagabas or bo leaves before images are generally in the form of a bench. The legs are carved or turned or flat with a double bend or rectangular shape with a double bend. Wooden chests were used by royalty and in places of worship to store cloths, insignia, or ecclesiastical property. Indo-Portuguese styles with hinged lids and big locks were common; the boxes have decorative metal bosses over rivets.

Along with European influences in boxes, caskets, and furniture some carving styles like rococo were also adapted and used by the artisans. These are more often found in the north of the country like Jaffna where the Western influence is strong; in the low-country or in the south a type of bible-box, showing Dutch influence, has been found. These were usually made of calamander or ebony with scallopings and flutings.

In Matara district in the south, a work box made with trays and lids inlaid with ivory has been found. Dutch influence was also visible in the introduction of products like the Burgomaster chair.

Elaborately painted book-boxes or presses used in temples or pansalas have been found in Kandy; the lids are set with gems. In temples, elaborate boxes were used to store valuable insignia and came to be known as abharana petti or regalia box. These are sometimes adorned with lac applied on a lathe. Rare woods like ebony and calamander are used sparingly, with ebony being used in combination with ivory for inlay work.

Turned jewellery boxes and boxes to store betel leaves are common. Some of the book covers in the eighteenth century were also carved out of wood. These racks are suspended from a beam. The long handles of the spoons are set in the holes. Spoons and the handles of vessels have designs carved on them: dancers, musicians, and wrestlers as well as mythical animal and bird motifs.

Spoons and sweetmeat moulds sini pittu katu made from coconut shells pol-katuva with carvings are common. Water dippers or kinisi made of whole coconut shells with beautifully carved wooden handles that are passed through and pegged inside are also made. The coconut shells are elaborately carved and sometimes silver-mounted. The coconut scraper or hiramanaya is a shaped log or kolombuva having a toothed disc as a rasp; the vap-pihiya or vegetable slicer has a bill-hook set edge upwards in a wooden holder.

The user can actually work both devices simultaneously. The coconut scraper set in the form of a book-rest is known as yatura-hiramaya.

Wooden flat-cake moulds and jaggery moulds are carved with representations of elephants and lions olinda poruva. Granary seals are also made of wood as are string rice presses. This has encouraged the carvers with the special skills of carving and sculpting to similar figures of humans and animals in flat or round shapes singly and in groups.

This skill is predominant in the southern part of the country. The themes for these sculptures are not just statues of Buddha and gods but also include compositions of scenes and events drawn from local history, legend, and contemporary life. The products are usually carved from hard woods like ebony, palu, sandalwood, gam — malu , and na, which are close-grained woods.

Statues of Buddha are usually carved out of sandalwood. The tools used to make figures out of wood include simple items like hand-saw, chisels of various sizes, mallet, and a divider and square.

An adze is used for shaping the log, and chisels of different sizes and shapes are used for carving. A piece of wood is first selected and a rough shape is chiseled out on it through a process known as baragahanawa. After this, the actual features are delineated: this process, executed with fine chisels, is known as mattangahanawa.

This image is then smoothened out and polished. Among all the animals that are carved, elephants occupy pride of place; this is especially true of artisans working with ebony Diospyros Ebenum , a prized variety of timber.

Ebony elephants are primarily crafted in the Galle region, which is in the southern part of the country. Elephant figures are carved in big and small sizes and are also carved arranged in a row.

Ebony wood is too valuable to be wasted and some of the other items carved out of it include ash-trays, walking-sticks, jewellery-boxes, gift-boxes, pen-holders, household items, wall hangings, fancy jewellery, figurines, sculpture, ornamental products and seasonal decorations.

These items are carved from even bits and pieces of ebony. Porcupine quill inlaid on ebony and other hardwoods in delicate designs make lovely jewellery-boxes, ash-trays and stools. Satin and teakwood are also used. The products made out of ebony like elephants, and sculptures of gods and human figures command very high prices in the market. Ebony elephants from Sri Lanka are rated as valuable export earners. The artisans who find ebony too expensive use hardwood and sometimes colour a cheaper variety of wood black for their use.

Some of the problems faced by this craft are that supplies of ebony supplies are dwindling in the country due to rapid deforestation; the government has also decided to exercise controls on the same. The wood supplies are. The craftsmen are unable to purchase ebony in sufficient quantities to pursue their craft. This lean period in the ebony wood craft industry poses a challenge to the artisans who have to make use of other woods for creating carvings and sculptures and animals which must appeal not only to the visual sense but also to the tactile sense.

Wooden Toys Wooden toys were mainly made for the local market a decade ago when the foreign toys were too expensive and not easily available. The quality of toys made today are so good that they are exported to a large extent.

Wooden toys from Sri Lanka are rated as high export earners. Some of the wooden craft items made for children are toys like puzzles, alphabet sets, book-ends, and games which are educational in nature along with accessories and nursery items.

Some of the processes in the craft-making technique are mechanized; this means that those stages of the craft that are done by hand get maximum attention. The wood types used to make the toys include mahogany, teak, ebony, and even softwoods, all of which are moulded again to meet the market requirements of colour, design, and quality.

These toys are by and large hand-made and are painted with non-toxic paints. They provide children with the opportunity to develop hand and eye coordination and motor skills along with encouraging creativity and imaginative play. These toys satisfy the general international toy-regulations like health and hygiene along with the needs of educational psychology.

There are a special group of artisans who reside in Moratuwa and its environs — on the western coast of the country, close to Colombo who carve out miniature models of European cars like Rolls Royce and Benz almost to perfection. This highlights their astonishing wood-crafting skills.

These toy-like miniatures are daintily constructed and finished to look like the original in every detail; they are highly in demand by foreign buyers. Quillware The quillware craft which is combined with wood for inlay-work is found in the villages of Kumbalwella; Peduruwa in Galle district; and in the village of Kamburugamuwa in Matara district.

Furniture items like teapoys and octagonal tables along with fancy boxes are made from inlay of porcupine quills on ebony wood. Handcrafted Wooden Furniture Design concepts from Europe are prevalent in the styles of furniture made on the southern and western coastal districts of Sri Lanka. As mentioned earlier, there has been a lot of Portuguese and Dutch influence in furniture styles, in the workmanship of tables, chairs, chests, almirahs or storage cupboards, work-boxes fitted with decorative hinges, locks and handles; this is very reminiscent of the Renaissance style of furniture.

The Burgher community in Sri Lanka are a small minority of Dutch descent; they are found scattered all over Sri Lanka, mainly in the south and north. In their houses a lot of pieces of the kind of furniture mentioned above can be found. In the early stages of furniture-making in Sri Lanka Kandyan furniture were greatly influenced by the prevalent architecture in terms of design and form.

At a later stage the furniture made became an integration of Sinhalese decorative elements and Dutch styles of furniture-making. The churches in Sri Lanka have always exemplified the influence of Dutch architecture; this is especially seen in the wooden doors, windows, pillars, and roofs. Some of the churches which exist to this day showcase the high standards of craftsmanship in timber work and furniture.

The skills that were introduced by the Dutch in Sri Lanka through their mastercraftsmen and superintendents of work Baas in Dutch and the influence of Indo-Portuguese and Indo-Dutch styles laid the foundation for the development of the craft of furniture-making.

Java and the Malabar region in India has also exerted influence in styles of furniture-making; these styles were integrated with the European styles with some Sinhalese design inputs to make furniture suitable for Sri Lankan conditions. Sri Lanka has always been blessed with abundant natural wood-resources in terms of high-quality timber and hardwood; in fact during its colonial regime the surplus wood was exported to satisfy the demands overseas.

The type and quality of the timber has always determined the form of the final product. These woods may have been highly ideal for displaying carving skills and elegant workmanship but they were most certainly a test for both the tools and the craftsmen. Ebony furniture has always been considered prestigious because it was used mainly by the aristocracy and the affluent classes; the kind of furniture made from it were sofas, couches, chairs, tables, and almirahs or storage cupboards which were embellished with inlay-work and carving.

In the region of Galle which is on the southern coast, descendants of the mastercraftsmen of yore still practice their craft. They display their traditional skills by making teapoys in black or white ebony with porcupine quills embedded in a design or octagonal tables with ebony pieces or other woods inlaid in a decorative pattern.

The skills that are involved in making such items of furniture are highly traditional and are in danger of disappearing altogether due to scarcity of raw materials and the aging of the surviving masters in this craft.

Some efforts will have to be taken to ensure that these skills do not just die out. As far as the contemporary times are concerned, calamander is hardly used nowadays as it is unavailable. Tamirand wood is also hardly used for furniture today in spite of its fine grain and colour.

Satinwood was used till recently especially in the Kandy region for the woodwork of religious buildings, mansions and for fashionable furniture. It has always been considered a high-quality decorative timber in demand all over the world. Teak and nadun have been popular among artisans and carpenters due to their lightness, durability, and the emergence of an attractive grain after polishing.

Mahogany and soft woods are also used to a great extent. The other types of woods that are used are halmilla, kumbuk , and suriya. Mara wood is used for heavy furniture as it is ideal for the purpose and gives the finish of a good wood. Woods like sapu and kolon are of a lower grade and have also become scarce nowadays. In the northern part of the country, kohomba wood has always been highly valued for the making of chests and linen cupboards.

Mastercraftsmen in wood have settled down over time in the region of Moratuwa and its environs; Moratuwa is situated close to Colombo. Moratuwa, therefore has become the main centre for making furniture of high quality. Over years the artisans have developed their skills in improving the quality of their products to meet the growing demand for new styles and new forms of furniture. Timber scarcity of a high magnitude faces the country and is a major bottleneck in the growth of this craft.

Rubberwood is slowly emerging as a viable substitute for hardwood timber to make good-quality furniture.

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