The Wild instruments were not only smaller, easier to use and more accurate than contemporary rivals but also sealed from rain and dust. Though the country has a rich array of cultural expressions, they are threatened by several factors. Temporary adjustments are a set of operations necessary in order to make a theodolite ready for taking observations at a station. Male dancers wear full pattern makers woodworking vise network and masks made of wood and straw, expressing a great variety of spiritual and secular characters. Richard-Paul-Spens-giving-a-traditional-wood-working-tool-truck-building-presentation Click on thumbnails for a larger picture.

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This technique is called a resection solution or free station position surveying and is widely used in mapping surveying. Such instruments are "intelligent" theodolites called self-registering tacheometers or colloquially " total stations ", and perform all the necessary angular and distance calculations, and the results or raw data can be downloaded to external processors, such as ruggedized laptops , PDAs or programmable calculators [22].

A gyrotheodolite is used when the north-south reference bearing of the meridian is required in the absence of astronomical star sights. This occurs mainly in the underground mining industry and in tunnel engineering. For example, where a conduit must pass under a river, a vertical shaft on each side of the river might be connected by a horizontal tunnel.

A gyrotheodolite can be operated at the surface and then again at the foot of the shafts to identify the directions needed to tunnel between the base of the two shafts. Unlike an artificial horizon or inertial navigation system, a gyrotheodolite cannot be relocated while it is operating. It must be restarted again at each site.

The gyrotheodolite comprises a normal theodolite with an attachment that contains a gyrocompass , a device which senses the rotation of the Earth in order to find true north and thus, in conjunction with the direction of gravity, the plane of the meridian. The meridian is the plane that contains both the axis of the Earth's rotation and the observer. The intersection of the meridian plane with the horizontal defines the true north-south direction found in this way.

Unlike magnetic compasses , gyrocompasses are able to find true north, the surface direction toward the north pole. A gyrotheodolite will function at the equator and in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The meridian is undefined at the geographic poles. A gyrotheodolite cannot be used at the poles where the Earth's axis is precisely perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the spinner, indeed it is not normally used within about 15 degrees of the pole where the angle between the earth's rotation and the direction of gravity is too small for it to work reliably.

When available, astronomical star sights are able to give the meridian bearing to better than one hundred times the accuracy of the gyrotheodolite. Where this extra precision is not required, the gyrotheodolite is able to produce a result quickly without the need for night observations. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Optical surveying instrument. Main article: Temporary adjustments of theodolites. Main article: Triangulation surveying.

Main article: gyrotheodolite. Leica Geosystems Sokkia Topcon Trimble company. Sintesi di una storia degli strumenti per la misura topografica [ Summary of a history of topographic measurement tools ] in Italian.

Archived from the original on Cologne, , pp. Instrument Makers to the World. ISBN The Men who Built Railways reprint from Thomas Telford. Martin Brenner's Pilot Balloon Resources. California State University, Long Beach. Retrieved Point of Beginning PoB.

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