{1}[Hardware Error]: Hardware error from APEI Generic Hardware Error Source: 3 {1}[Hardware Error]: It has been corrected by h/w and requires no further action {1}[Hardware Error]: event severity: corrected {1}[Hardware Error]: Error 0, type: corrected {1}[Hardware Error]: section_type: memory error [Firmware Warn]: error section. Hello, I have an issue in ioiMiner v with one of my 8 AMD GPU's. When the miner starts, everything goes smooth, but after a while one of my 8 AMD RX GPU's starts to show the errror: GPU1 detected a defect share (Potential hardware   Have a question about this project? Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. Pick a username. Email Address. Open-source hardware (OSH) consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open-design movement. Both free and open-source software (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH (free and open-source hardware). The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the. Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June Articles with yardware description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August Articles containing potentially dated statements from June Articles containing potentially dated statements from January Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December Commons category link from Wikidata. QEMU Wiki. At this stage, students inexpensively provided initial grooup, simulations, and CPU designs. The virtual memory systems have three open source hardware group error, with addresses sized 32, 39 and uardware bits. It really targets those with no prior experience and gives open source hardware group error the power to bring their creation to life! The freedom to study how the hardware works, and change it so it works as you wish.

RISC-V's subroutine call jal jump and link places its return address in a register. This is faster in many computer designs, because it saves Open Source Hardware User Group Tutorial a memory access compared to systems that push a return address directly on a stack in memory. The offset is multiplied by 2, then added to the PC to generate a relative address to a bit instruction. If the result is not at a bit address i.

In contrast, jal adds a larger bit offset to the PC. Like them, jalr can be used with the instructions that set the upper 20 bits of a base register to make bit branches, either to an absolute address using lui or a PC-relative one using auipc for position-independent code. Using a constant zero base address allows single-instruction calls to a small the offset , fixed positive or negative address.

RISC-V recycles jal and jalr to get unconditional bit PC-relative jumps and unconditional register-based bit jumps. Jumps just make the linkage register 0 so that no return address is saved. RISC-V also recycles jalr to return from a subroutine: To do this, jalr 's base register is set to be the linkage register saved by jal or jalr.

Like many RISC designs, in a subroutine call, a RISC-V compiler must use individual instructions to save registers to the stack at the start, and then restore these from the stack on exit. RISC-V has no save multiple or restore multiple register instructions. These were thought to make the CPU too complex, and possibly slow.

Designers planned to reduce code size with library routines to save and restore registers. RISC-V has no condition code register or carry bit. The designers believed that condition codes make fast CPUs more complex by forcing interactions between instructions in different stages of execution. This choice makes multiple-precision arithmetic more complex. Also, a few numerical tasks need more energy.

As a result, predication the conditional execution of instructions is not supported. The designers claim that very fast, out-of-order CPU designs do predication anyway, by doing the comparison branch and conditional code in parallel, then discarding the unused path's effects.

They also claim that even in simpler CPUs, predication is less valuable than branch prediction , which can prevent most stalls associated with conditional branches. Code without predication is larger, with more branches, but they also claim that a compressed instruction set such as RISC-V's set C solves that problem in most cases. Instead, RISC-V has short branches that perform comparisons: equal, not-equal, less-than, unsigned less-than, greater-than or equal and unsigned greater-than or equal.

Ten comparison-branch operations are implemented with only six instructions, by reversing the order of operands in the assembler.

For example, branch if greater than can be done by less-than with a reversed order of operands. The comparing branches have a twelve-bit signed range, and jump relative to the PC. Unlike some RISC architectures, RISC-V does not include a branch delay slot , a position after a branch instruction that can be filled with an instruction that is executed whether or not the branch is taken.

Dynamic branch predictors have succeeded well enough to reduce the need for delayed branches. Other than this, RISC-V does not require branch prediction , but core implementations are allowed to add it. RISC-V segregates math into a minimal set of integer instructions set I with add, subtract, shift, bit-wise logic and comparing-branches. The atomic instructions are a notable exception.

RISC-V currently lacks the count leading zero and bit-field operations normally used to speed software floating-point in a pure-integer processor. The integer multiplication instructions set M includes signed and unsigned multiply and divide.

Double-precision integer multiplies and divides are included, as multiplies and divides that produce the high word of the result. The ISA document recommends that implementors of CPUs and compilers fuse a standardized sequence of high and low multiply and divide instructions to one operation if possible. The floating-point instructions set F includes single-precision arithmetic and also comparison-branches similar to the integer arithmetic.

It requires an additional set of 32 floating-point registers. These are separate from the integer registers. The double-precision floating point instructions set D generally assume that the floating-point registers are bit i. A quad-precision bit floating-point ISA Q is also defined.

RISC-V computers without floating-point can use a floating-point software library. RISC-V does not cause exceptions on arithmetic errors, including overflow , underflow, subnormal, and divide by zero. Instead, both integer and floating-point arithmetic produce reasonable default values and set status bits.

Divide-by-zero can be discovered by one branch after the division. The status bits can be tested by an operating system or periodic interrupt. RISC-V's standard memory consistency model is release consistency.

That is, loads and stores may generally be reordered, but some loads may be designated as acquire operations which must precede later memory accesses, and some stores may be designated as release operations which must follow earlier memory accesses.

The base instruction set includes minimal support in Open Source Hardware Group Tutorial the form of a fence instruction to enforce memory ordering. Although this is sufficient fence r, rw provides acquire and fence rw, w provides release , combined operations can be more efficient. The atomic memory operation extension supports two types of atomic memory operations for release consistency.

First, it provides general purpose load-reserved lr and store-conditional sc instructions. A later store-conditional sc to the reserved address will be performed only if the reservation is not broken by an intervening store from another source.

If the store succeeds, a zero is placed in a register. If it failed, a non-zero value indicates that software needs to retry the operation. In either case, the reservation is released. The second group of atomic instructions perform read-modify-write sequences: a load which is optionally a load-acquire to a destination register, then an operation between the loaded value and a source register, then a store of the result which may optionally be a store-release.

Making the memory barriers optional permits combining the operations. The optional operations are enabled by acquire and release bits which are present in every atomic instruction. RISC-V defines nine possible operations: swap use source register value directly ; add; bitwise and, or, and exclusive-or; and signed and unsigned minimum and maximum.

A system design may optimize these combined operations more than lr and sc. For example, if the destination register for a swap is the constant zero, the load may be skipped. If the value stored is unmodified since the load, the store may be skipped. However, a simple load-type instruction is usually performed before the cas to fetch the old value. The classic problem is that if a thread reads loads a value A , calculates a new value C , and then uses cas to replace A with C , it has no way to know whether concurrent activity in another thread has replaced A with some other value B and then restored the A in between.

In some algorithms e. The most common solution employs a double-wide cas instruction to update both the pointer and an adjacent counter; unfortunately, such an instruction requires a special instruction format to specify multiple registers, performs several reads and writes, and can have complex bus operation. It usually requires only one memory load, and minimizing slow memory operations is desirable.

It's also exact: it controls all accesses to the memory cell, rather than just assuring a bit pattern. However, unlike cas , it can permit livelock , in which two or Open Source Hardware User Group 3d more threads repeatedly cause each other's instructions to fail. RISC-V guarantees forward progress no livelock if the code follows rules on the timing and sequence of instructions: 1 It must use only the I subset. The specification gives examples of how to use this subset to lock a data structure.

This makes for a particularly simple implementation, but like other RISC processors with such an instruction encoding, results in larger code size than in other instruction sets. Standard and compressed instructions may be intermixed freely. Because like Thumb-1 and MIPS16 the compressed instructions are simply alternate encodings aliases for a selected subset of larger instructions, Open Source Hardware Group Database the compression can be implemented in the assembler, and it is not essential for the compiler to even know about it.

A prototype of RVC was tested in The researcher intended to reduce the code's binary size for small computers, especially embedded computer systems. The prototype included 33 of the most frequently used instructions, recoded as compact bit formats using operation codes previously reserved for the compressed set. Compressed instructions omitted fields that are often zero, used small immediate values or accessed subsets 16 or 8 of the registers.

Instead, the compiler generated conventional instructions that access the stack. The prototype RVC assembler then often converted these to compressed forms that were half the size. However, this still took more code space than the ARM instructions that save and restore multiple registers.

The researcher proposed to modify the compiler to call library routines to save and restore registers. These routines would tend to remain in a code cache and thus run fast, though probably not as fast as a save-multiple instruction. Standard RVC requires occasional use of bit instructions. Several nonstandard RVC proposals are complete, requiring no bit instructions, and are said to have higher densities than standard RVC.

An instruction set for the smallest embedded CPUs set E is reduced in other ways: Only 16 of the 32 integer registers are supported. Floating-point instructions should not be supported the specification forbids it as uneconomical , so a floating-point software library must be used. The privileged instruction set supports only machine mode, user mode and memory schemes that use base-and-bound address relocation. Discussion has occurred for a microcontroller profile for RISC-V, to ease development of deeply embedded systems.

It centers on faster, simple C-language support for interrupts, simplified security modes and a simplified POSIX application binary interface. The joke was to propose bank switching , when a bit CPU would be clearly superior with the larger address space.

As of August [update] , version 1. These correspond roughly to systems with up to four rings of privilege and security, at most: machine, hypervisor, supervisor and user. Each layer also is expected to have a thin layer of standardized supporting software that communicates to a more-privileged layer, or hardware.

The overall plan for this ISA is to make the hypervisor mode orthogonal to the user and supervisor modes. This bit lets supervisor mode directly handle the hardware needed by a hypervisor. This simplifies a type 2 hypervisor, hosted by an operating system. This is a popular mode to run warehouse-scale computers. To support type 1, unhosted hypervisors, the bit can cause these accesses to interrupt to a hypervisor.

The bit simplifies nesting of hypervisors, in which a hypervisor runs under a hypervisor. It's also said to simplify supervisor code by letting the kernel use its own hypervisor features with its own kernel code. As a result, the hypervisor form of the ISA supports five modes: machine, supervisor, user, supervisor-under-hypervisor and user-under-hypervisor. The privileged instruction set specification explicitly defines hardware threads , or harts.

Multiple hardware threads are a common practice in more-capable computers. When one thread is stalled, waiting for memory, others can often proceed. Hardware threads can help make better use of the large number of registers and execution units in fast out-of-order CPUs. Finally, hardware threads can be a simple, powerful way to handle interrupts : No saving or restoring of registers is required, simply executing a different hardware thread.

The existing control and status register definitions support RISC-V's error and memory exceptions, and a small number of interrupts.

For systems with more interrupts, the specification also defines an interrupt controller. Interrupts always start at the highest-privileged machine level, and the control registers of each level have explicit forwarding bits to route interrupts to less-privileged code. For example, the hypervisor need not include software that executes on each interrupt to forward an interrupt to an operating system.

Instead, on set-up, it can set bits to forward the interrupt. Several memory systems are supported in the specification. Physical-only is suited to the simplest embedded systems. There are also three UNIX -style virtual memory systems for memory cached in mass-storage systems. The virtual memory systems have three sizes, with addresses sized 32, 39 and 48 bits.

All virtual memory systems support 4 KiB pages, multilevel page-table trees and use very similar algorithms to walk the page table trees.

All are designed for either hardware or software page-table walking. To optionally reduce the cost of page table walks, super-sized pages may be leaf pages in higher levels of a system's page table tree.

SV32 has a two-layer page table tree and supports 4 MiB superpages. SV48 is required to support SV Superpages are aligned on the page boundaries for the next-lowest size of page.

The criteria for inclusion documented in the draft were compliance with RV5 philosophies and ISA formats, substantial improvements in code density or speed i. Version 0. Packed-SIMD instructions are widely used by commercial CPUs to inexpensively accelerate multimedia and other digital signal processing.

In a vendor published a more detailed proposal to the mailing list, and this can be cited as version 0. It increased the CPU's performance on digital signal processing tasks by fold or more, enabling practical real-time video codecs in It also could move subwords to different positions. It lacked support for 8-bit or bit subwords. The bit subword size was chosen to support most digital signal processing tasks. These instructions were inexpensive to design and build.

The proposed vector-processing instruction set may make the packed SIMD set obsolete. The designers hope to have enough flexibility that a CPU can implement vector instructions in a standard processor's registers. This would enable minimal implementations with similar performance to a multimedia ISA, as above. All of the tutorials are super well documented and simple to execute. His simple way of coupling code, expiation of the code is really clear and concise.

Here is an excellent example of a tutorial which allows a user to make one switch have two or more functions. Michael has had some really interesting guests on his show which delve into all thing open source.

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