We just felt with no alide there is really no tournament just a fishing day. Any fish that strikes a bait or lure being fished with a reel with power accessories still attached- whether or not under electric operation- will not be eligible for record consideration. Fish the backside of the island for the yellows ft Silver canyon was said to have drawer slide rear bracket viewer the fish Drawer Slide Brackets. The sofa is available with high, soundabsorbing sides to create its own space within a room.

A mackerel sky is a common term for clouds made up of rows of cirrocumulus or altocumulus clouds above 18K ft. Crisp and sunny this morning-- lots of folks out - bicycling, walking, jogging- the bay's dotted with boats, small and large out for the day's outing Water, High tide this morning with the rains runoff its' dirty looking and a bit of trash with it-- the outgoing will race out with a lot of flow-- seaward-wind south-- small west swell small wind chop, with a texture to the water.

This time of year-- mainly bottom fishing-- the Art reefs , sunken wrecks and small structure spots north of Newport and all along those flats off Huntington and Long Beach should be holding a few good sized Sand Bas s-- If I remember correctly lime green plastics was a good choice for a color- meter marks in the 60 ft depth helps to locate them, depending on the current which side of the structure that were at A nd tis the season for whales Grays migrating soutwards tend to work they way along the fathon ledge or thinner, sometime in the ft or shallower depth- -offshore there's Fin backs and Humpbacks, the Humpbacks tend to feed on baitfish anchovies, sardines- etc, currently off Salt Creek 3- 4 miles.

And dont forget-- if you want one of the best boats on the West Coast. Rain water flushing of the land of the West Coast flowing out into the ocean- brings one of the basics for the forming of sealife to our shores , the growth of plankton flourishes with the all the nutrient it brings-- adding the upwelled coastal waters and eventually the California Current swinging down from the north this Spring bringing us the anchovies and sardines other baitfish to our waters -- bring on the rain!

This current draws cool, nutrient rich waters down along the western coast of North America. Cool, nutrient-rich water is closer to the surface. The intensity of the California current is influenced by strong northwesterly winds. Quiet in the shop today-- finished up working on those Internationals and some smaller reels, another half dozen reels on the workbench tomorrow and a couple of interesting customizing of reels ahead Morning hours here in Newport clear with a few horizon clouds - low pressure system working it's way south forecast to rain we'll see- seas still have a light wind chop to them from the south against a 3- 4 ft slowwest swell.

Todays project. Service on a set of old work horses thirty wide two speeds - still working fine-- glad to work on these reels, older workmanship and raw material-. San Pedro weather buoy shows 57 degrees and off Mission Bay- 58 degrees.

Took a walk on the beach this morning-- down by the Wedge-- surprised- naw not really to see all the flotsam and trash on the beach-- most of it smaller plastic stuff and some weeds and - and lots of Pismo Clams! Not much on the fishing side of it today colder water probably curtailed much of a bite-- nice sunset though-. Better weather than yesterday's blow! Looking forward with the expected rain Thursday and Friday- and the incoming High morning tides , rain water will have no place to go Wave heights up to 17 ft are peaking now west of Baja California Norte.

There is a significant risk of hazardous surf conditions north of Punta Eugenia through this evening. So I look out the front window of the shop this morning- - a fishing skiff glides by with three rain suited anglers in it heading in -- not many who would go out fishing this morning-- hey they looks like Decker's boat- sure enough they were out early today , Erik, Jimmy and Briggs catching bass above Newport-- -- good for them New civilian boating channel opens in Anaheim Bay The new channel separates Naval vessel traffic from civilian boats coming and going from Huntington Harbour.

Boaters navigating between the ocean and Huntington Harbour have a new route to follow, which will separate them from Naval vessel traffic and provide a more direct route. The new channel separates Navy traffic from civilian boat traffic. The old channel previously shared by the two is now closed to the public.

Easterly wind this morning sky's broken clouds and seas relatively calm other than the wind chop-- some west swell- nice otherwise. Windy for most of the day by the late afternoon hours it's backed off nicely water settlings towards a glassy sunset. Coastal bass fishing fair many boats disturbing the fishing grounds waters a little murky green colored. Bobby deep dropped off the backside of Catalina along that deep water encampment and again in front of the island-- had a few bait meter marks but that was all -except great weather-- there was a reported fining basking Broadbill seen near the Avalon bank this morning ,probably around that high tide slack time , sunning itself, warming up it's mussels and eyesight.

F ound nice Yellowtail making the rest of the trip up. Cut strips of Tonkin Bamboo individually picked from the jungles of the Tonkin peninsula in China and shipped to Montana, they're split, milled, and glued into blanks to form the six sides of these rods blanks-- lots of upcoming sanding and finish work is ahead for this winter. Temps nearly steady in the mid 30s. Winds N at 5 to 10 mph.

Snow accumulations less than one to three inches. Winds NNW at 10 to 15 mph. Green Bay Wis. Coastal fishing improving along with the weather Calico and sand bass on the artificial reels and structure above Newport to the Huntington Flats-- shots at the bass and a White Sea Bass will come out of there soon-- Giant Black Sea Bass are there too at this time of year--good fighting fish but must be released unharmed A sad phone call this morning good friend to us all Kathy Pomo passed away yesterday- She was a true sport to our angling world , married to Rich for 51 years, a lifetime of good memories, Vaya con dios we'll miss her, may she rest in peace- - World Record Holder for Corbina on 4 lb test, taken during the 09 Lily Call Bay Tournament.

Fish the backside of the island for the yellows ft Silver canyon was said to have held the fish Anothe nice day-- little cool in the morning hours but warming nicely in the sunshine-- seas OK with a light west wrinkle to them and a med size swell pushing through- calm seas Report from Cabo- - - The cold and green currents continue to progressing move in a southern direction from north of Los Frailes, now these currents have now pushed as far as Red Hill off of San Jose del Cab o.

Ocean temperature locally is now in the 68 to 71 degree range. Stripeed Marlins on the Pacific side of the Cape Wow- another nice day here in S Calif-- hazy sun in the morning light west wind maybe kts-- Calm seas have a small wrinkle to them- swell far apart to them Tide falling out rapidly today. Good coastal downhill current - lots of baitfish around- -- but no great catches of bass yet-- soon coming- they say Well it was a nice day a little wind and cloud cover mid day-- backed off to grease in the afternoon fishing still on the fair side it's winter-.

Forecast look for a warming trend this next week pushing into the 70 and maybe 80 thursday. There were some good sized Yellows taken this morning at Catlina lbers in the deep water off the back side it was reported Silver Canyon area.

AIS still shows a bunch of the pasenger Cruse lines stacked up either below the border or out in international waters drifting-- been there for a week or so -- Long Beach port still looks also stacked up but radio reports seem to say there was movements of container ships and barges. Bottom bouncing for halibuts in the winter months can pay off- it's tedious and heaver tackle doesn't always seem fair-- but you get em'-.

Early hours foggy and damp-- by 10 am only a light fog- yet cool for the morning hours-spots of bright sun showing up towards noon- Mild SA's tomorrow-- -. Planning a trip this weekend out to San Clemente Island? Looks like a solid bank of fog moving in towards the sunset-- should clear out OC waters mid day SD looks to be foggy.

I've never sent you any news on my part but I had to send you this. After 12 attempts and wives still understanding and supportive; over the course of the year, we finally broke the ice with our first swordfish yesterday morning. We fished Catalina as usual and finally got rewarded for our efforts with a pounder. Not to bad for our first one. Looking forward to the many more to come for this year.. Happy fishing. Sincerely, Alfonso V. A cool light marine haze during the morning hours.

Jan the 5 the start of a whole New Year I think maybe a long year-- tides are mellow today , a few baitfish being harassed by the pelicans and grebes in the harbors and bays Light overcast with a bit of breath from the west-- kts-- seas good Sand Bass about the only thing so far along the coastline- water58 degrees. AIS still shows a dozen cruise ships held up below the border- as well as the port of LA is stacked up with freighters wanting to unload it looks like.

This time of year-- is dificult for those wanting to go fishing and catch fish- simply putthere just are not that many fish wiling to bite-. A look down south to the Tip of Baja- - water temps are quickly concentrating towards the tip- -X marks the temps drop from 74 down to 72 in five days Year end paperwork-- Store inventories and cost extensions, Sales taxes, Banking needs, accountant requests and fishing tackle to work on-- I'd prefer to work on the tackle but the paperwork must be done firstthats life Stay overcast for the day-- mid day a med- west cool wind came up by late afternoon and backed off to nothing by dusk-- quiet afternoon-- Vick said the sand bass were biting-.

Light fog this morning by 9 am gone-- slight overcast to the sky today-- wind light from the south kts seas Ok Big swell on the outside from the west some of it's lump coming through once in a while-. Sad Note this afternoon from a phone call- long time angler and friend of our fishing world -- Rob Thompson - - owner of the Tuna Mas, had passed away. Rob always a friend and willing participant in the Balboa Angling club's events- - He'll be missed-- JD.

The New Year- - brings sunshine and a few morning clouds wind from th e south as that Eddy develops today -- better tomorrow-- water temps are in the degree mark- cold and the fish ar lethargic it seems-. Fished yesterday in my skiff from dawn till the noon hour- - only one small Calico bass off Ab point rocks, - lost another bigger fish in the kelps off the cottages and had only a few other bites--but made a nice morning out of it E- Mail today-- - Have been landing one to three nice Halibut a trip just North of the Harbor mini bounce balling smelt on feet of water.

All pounds. All on the trap treble. Nice fish- mini nibbles, the line barely goes right. Hope you get on them. And another customer came in the shop this morning-- he's out of Ensenada, fishing the yellows via deep yo-yo-ing in- - ft, landed a nice 40 lb Halibut No reported Swordfish hooks ups or landed fish today-- only some sand dabs and a few sand bass-- that's it for so far- - no First Fish flags have been awarded yet-- Maybe tomorrow? Lots of folks out wandering around - visiting friends and relatives-- some boaters out A couple of looks at our Water temps for the end of Dec 31 Left and from last year Right same time for the Southern California Bight- from 55 to 75 degrees.

Another bright and sunny day here in So Calif-- a few hazy clouds around and a brisk cold morning- yet sunshine warming early Sunrise is 3 minutes later and sunset is 6 minutes later so we've gained 3 minutes! Nice day for boating- several boats out early heading to the islands for the weekend-- sailors out sailing and paddlerers out pladding.

They report fish lbs. They are fishing approximately miles from San Diego. It's been a good season-- the fish just keep getting bigger-- Best of Luck in High around 65F. Winds WNW at 5 to 10 mph.

Good Luck for the end of this year-- Some remarkable Bluefin Tuna catches and fishing the Broadbill Swordfish was Ok not as many fish hooked caught- lots of pressure on them now-- the Marlins also on the fair side of catches-- yellowtail Ok -dorado- a few-- and future La Nina advisories len to about the same for next year Sunny Morning light marine haze westward- wind light to fair from the west kts- light wind chop and swell Got the chance to work on a few reels between the holidays-- First time of ever seen this-- and I've worked on a lot of reels- -- Tiagra while trolling it must have caught a lot of fish and the last one must have been something really big, going fast and hard t he clicks alert plunger which slides in and out of a Plunger holder solid metal so violently that the plunger holder itself broke in half - it's pieces jamming into the gears and completely freezing the reel.

Whale watchers reported a few, not many yet but a few Gray whales starting to make their appearance here in So Calif as the begin their migrations from the north of southern waters of Baja. Light morning cloud's with a sprinkle of rain here- there-- wind light to fair west- seas Ok light wind chop and wind ripple to it Quiet day here on the waterfront for a Christmas day Eve -- years past there would be dozens of office boat party cruising on the bay-- people dancing and music blaring - but today only a couple of pelicans pounding the water on a school of baitfish.

Wishing all old and new boaters a Merry Christmas -- JD. Light cloud cover- gray, the waterfront calm and quiet- just a few smaller boats crossing the channel-- a pelican making it's dives in a school of surface baitfish- tides are slow moving-. Fishing seems to have taken a day off today-- not much on the radio and only a few boats out weather cooler and still overcast here on the beach in the mid afternoon hours Still nice weather light- med southeast wind 3- 7 kts seas seems a little cold with a greenish tint to them-- light wind chop-.

Coastal fishing Ok for the basses and sculpin and other bottom fish-- in the deeper water Tides are mellow this week as is the weather-- with the Santa Ana's pick back up again mid week Jupiter and Saturn at conjunction are only 0.

There's only an hour or so this evening after the sun sets that your able to clearly see the two plantes of Saturn and Jupitor they're off to the lower western horizon, after that the Earths atmosphers dulls the image If you've got them Stablized Gyros allow you to see three moons of Jupiter and rings of Saturn!

SD report from the PQ fishing the Cortez Banks over the past few days-- Bluefins still there for the taking-- but a long ways- there and back-- First fish flags? The Pacific Queen returned this morning with 28 Bluefin Tuna 15 to 35 lbs. They also reported flat calm weather. Following that trend-- the body of water that had contained broadbill over the past month down off the San Diego waters, counter currents have brought some of that water up here towards the 14 Mile bank - might be worth a look along that break-- and in years past December the back side of San Clemente island, along that encampment was where the deadly catches of gill net swords were made for their winter catch Not bad weather here in Newport today-- sunny and bright --light wind from the southwest kts seas flat with a little wind ripple- sparkly - go boating or fishing-- get out of the house-- a few humpbacks and fin wahles around -.

A run to Catalina found Decker and son Briggs chasing calicos some big one's too and a score of those healty Bonios for the day Clearing skies this morning-- light wind from the southwest maybe 4 - 7 kts-- slight wind chop and a light mix of swell.

This weekends weather looks Ok with a west wind late sat afternoon night again good on Sunday. Light overcast a few clouds the overcast kept the frost away- a low front sweeping in from the Southwest-- brings some wind and clouds- makes for a nice sunset- -but might cloud up the viewing of- Jupiter and Saturn as they merges together, the closest they could be seen in the sky together for nearly years.

Known as the Christmas Star! South wind this morning-- due to swing west later this afternoon-- tides still dropping out like a rock-- 2. The longer rear grip at 15 inches to an trigger grip reel seat matched with a 7 '6" moderate fast tape r makes it a extremely accurate casting machine with power.

To further dampen the un-official Christmas Boat parade here in Newport this eveniing -- low tide and it's raining! Schools of inch smelt in the bay-- showers erupting from mackerel under them. Stand up paddleboaders enjoying their paddle and some crazy guys flying around on electric powered hydrofoil wings -- where'd they come from? AIS over the past few days shows very little boating trafic out towards the tuna grounds and no reported catches Morning brings clear and cool weather-- warming up nicely in the sunshine-- Tides very high in the morning dropping out at 2.

Bait wasn't showing up as much as the other day-- but the smaller bass were still biting It's getting cooler along the Baja Peninsula concentrating the sealife towards the tip The inaugural, two-day tournament will require strict adherence to IGFA Angling Rules and will have both weight and release categories.

And of course, there will also be the release category as part of it. Finally, we are hoping to have some state-of-the-art satellite tags at the tournament that we can deploy. E-mail report from yesterday Hey JD , caught this today on live squid in ft of water in a spot I was targeting local rock cod! Robert B. Note not wanting to disclose the "Hot Spot" some coastal land marks were edited out! Tides dropped out - hey where'd all the water go-it's a 8. Couple of Jet skiers came by the fuel dock this morning-- from Canada wearing shorts and sandles - had a handheld VHF radio with them and topped off with gas and they were headed to Catalina--!

Looks a little breezy out there this afternoon mostly good for the rest of the week till next weekend when another front pushes through Cloud cover and a bit cooler-- light west wind kts seas ok slight bump and wind texture to it-- nice.

Whale watchers were a little disappointed these days-- hopeful for some sightings for their passengers you know how many dolphins were here last week- seems alike the ate up all the baits-- there's;'s no sea life here anymore- - inside the lee of catalina A Fin Back was seen near the shipping lanes. Light Southeast wind this morning-- bring a few clouds and a light wind chop from the south Stand By for some major tide Swings this weekend up to 8 feet on exchange in 5 hours -- Highs are early in the mornings, lows in the mid to late afternoons- - Stand By -- Quakes?

The moon gravity stretches and compresses the water across the globe, into high and low tides called spring and neap tide, respectively. Spent the day with a few Christmas shoppers outfitting their kids with some light tackle spinning rods and reels and a tackle box full of goodies-- they should have a good time with it- and worked on half dozen reels that all had various problems-- challanges each one-- The prized long distance spinning rod designed for Tunas and other tough gamefish!

These flagship offshore popping and plugging rods utilize Spiral X and Hi-Power X blank construction. Fast Taper fishes up to lb Powerbrad lines! The perfect gift for boaters new to So Calif waters-- it's good very good--JD. This map guide contains a wealth of local knowledge for the So Cal private boater,.

In astounishing that with such beautiful weather, the seas are calm and weather is warm-- you'd think at least there's be more on the VHF radio than an radio check-- but thats it not a peep otherwise today Not bad weather for the middle of December warm and not much wind if any at least here in Newpoet-- Tides are mellow the first part of the week buiding on the weekend as the moon darken-. Not many boats out so far today-- should be a great sunset this afternoon with the odd cloud formations A call out on the radio to see if anyone was there nope like a mouse quiet and such a beautiful day-- maybe by this af ternoon a few folks will get on the water for the pending sunset-- maybe even go hooping for the night Sunday, peaceful Sunday Dec 6th - Closed Mondays-- Light morning marinr overcast left us by 10 am -wetwards lay milky white to a light blue gray horizon line- seas calm on the inside, larger swell pushing through from the west.

Newport bay's Bay Bass tournament held today radio question if anyone had caught a fish yet-- reply was they didn't know if it was a fishing tournament. With the good weather boats were out deep droppong for swordfish-- late yesterday it was repoted that it had been a late afternoon bite pm -- just about dusk. They are on the 2nd day of a 2. These fish were mostly in the 40 to 70 lbs.

Lots of folks out just getting sunshine-- can't blame em'- good to enjoy the outdoors SD party boats still finding and scoring of tunas -- from small to lb fish remarlable for December fishing The Tomahawk called in with 17 Bluefin Tuna 40 to lbs.

Today, I think i gave away more monofilament line to local residents wanting to hang Christmas ornaments, wreaths or keeping trees in line than I did in selling fishing line to go fishing! Report of the stripers drifting further south with the rest of the sealife-- looks like that little spot of warm water off the tip of Baja-- will slip further south.

Smoke on the water stinky smoke smell this morning light westerly this afternoon driving most of it away-- Small Craft today-- not many boats left the harbor-- some of the bigger traveling yachts kept on their way- - - water temps at least surface holding at the 60 degree mark--Water Temperature WTMP : I guess its time to go fishin-- might not be many fish around but at least you get off the land and enjoy some sunshine and nature!

Couple of boys out the harbor with the draining tide- this afternoon - to fish below the harbor about the only place it's fishable today-- wind backed off to nothing in the afternoon hours. Still lots of folks wanting to just go fishing whether its shoreline.

Flat calm seas-- blue sky- a lump swell from the west once in a while -- very nice for a December day tides filling morning hours drains out till mid afternoon Boy it doesn't get much more quiet on the radio nor the conditions than today- afternoon hours here on the beach with calm seas and no wind.

Strong northerly winds and building seas of ft are expected in the Gulf of California through Fri. Another beautiful day here in So calif--Crispy morning turning to bright warming sunshine and sparkly water and calm seas Took the day off yesterday to try for the mighty Broadbill Swordfish here off Newport's canyon and dropoff -- flat day-clear and green 57 degree water - don't think we saw more than a dozen birds passing by or came over to us with nothing else to do- they soon flew away-- not a porpoise, dolphin seal, whale or any schools of baitfish came by.

I sent down a combinations of blinking lights, lead weighs and sand bags and rigged squid with light line break offs. Radio quiet for most of the day-- couple of boats taking, one having been directed out of the Navy's active area this morning - they fished in leeward side of the island-- a yellowtail and some Calicos caught.

Those Bluefin out on the outere banks Tanner etc were showing well again yesterday with good catches of mostly small fish some big- -The Tomahawk called in todaywith 70 Bluefin Tuna so far on their 2 day trip with 25 anglers. East meets West whale watching boat came back in from his morning trip -out by the oil rigs-- dolphins, a finback whale and a Broadbill Swordfish finning-- 25 minutes ago 32 and Such a nice day-- time to head offshore E mail this afternoon --Hi JD - hope you had a great Thanksgiving.

Michael and I headed over to Clemente this morning and found some yellows. Heading back now. Have a good weekend. Boy the beaches and harbors were crowed today -- can't blame them too much on a nice day like today- -- not much said on the radio today-- but there were Broadbill hooked if not landed today They reported great signs of fish!

Not as many boats out as one would expect with the wind-- by this afternoon it'll back off and more boating traffic is expected- - just to get out of the house!

A check with the latest water temp charts shows cool waterss creaping southwards Water temps from 58 degrees to 70 degrees , that body of cold water it's growing larger each day!

Wishing all a Happy Thanksgivings-- A day of rest for most and a day of reflections and thanks to all who have read these fish reports , San Clemente island looks open for the rest of the week, but the Santa Ana winds looks to blow into the island up till friday-- then better for Sat and Sunday-- -. Flat, calm and no fish was the report he given- when asked how was it out there- -.

Big news so far today- - whales seen-- must be five of them! Humpbacks -- and there must be 5, dolphins we're going camp here all day-- it's so concentrated here this time of year-- you could drive around for five miles either way and not see anything-- Humpbacks and dolphins and anchovies-- offshore oil rigs outside Long beach- red buoy to the A Bank.

Not much today coastal fishing-- still waiting for the WSB to show up-- there were a few Giant Black Bass around-- tackle busters Rasta fish-- Dave still on his fish -- yep had him close to the boat once- -- Swordfish Congrats go out to the Rasta Fish on them boating their swordfish am.

Sat-- The Sleeper got its first Swordfish. Congrats to Lamar Lee and Dezmond Chattleton. We finally did it.!!! Frank landed his King on 50 lb. Thanks for your reports and serving our reels etc. Tight lines Hoose. Morning bring a better day here in Newport-- Foggy further down the coastline off San Diego and there-a bouts- brought on by that upwell cold water Seas good light wind if any Nice work guys!

Stagger calls in with a one for one on the Swordfish catch -- below the border Coranado Canyon What the Hell it's Friday again- Nov 20th Light fog or marine haze this morning-- wind from the west light to fair kts seas calm light wind chop , Crecent moon filling as the tides flatten out Private sportfishers and others- travleing up from Mag or down to the Cape- - have moderate northerly winds across the waters from Punta Eugenia northward, and gentle to moderate northwesterly winds to the south.

Wave heights are ft in long-period northwest swell, except Everbilt Drawer Slide Rear Bracket Up to 8 ft across the far northern waters. Little change in winds and seas are expected through tonight. She's one of the best maintained boats on the West Coast. If you want one of the best sporfishers here on the West Coast here's your chance- the Motivator is for sale 54 ft Pacifica,.

Light fog mid day went away wind died and a few high clouds towards the sunset Morning blue sky to the east westward milky white marine haze- wind fair from the west kts- seas have a light wind chop to them on a small west swell. Bay waters have a emerald clear green to them-- lots of smelt in the bays- -. Again one of those quiet days on the waterfront wind stayed light to fair for the day-- GJ dropped by- he'd been deep dropping over the past few days Newport and San Onofee - no bites but did see a Great White cruising along the coastline just south of Newport only a mile or so offshore SD boats seems to be having only fair Bluefin tuna fishing-- not many for the anglers and the time , further south they were into yellows and some skippies The Condor returned with 2 Bluefin Tuna 1 and 1 for their 1.

I'll be interesting to see months from now if those marlin that were Archival tagged above Cedros and then in the Mag Bay area if these fish will turn the corner and move back up into the seas of Cortez or like previous recorded tagging studies showed the fish move further south to almost the equator and or go out west towards Hawaii- we'll find out this coming Summer when the tags pop off-.

The day turns out real nice with sun and only a light breeze-- not much said on the radio today-- I hear some small lb Bluefin showed up off the backside of Catalina and some of the bigger bluefins moved in towards Clemente island over the past few day-- Navy still has much of it closed off Blue sky above-- coastal -- -a wall of white fog against the blue sky- wind, light from the southwest I think- and seas were calm an occasional swell rolls by -- tides are still big and very shallow Tuna fishersDid the water temp change--?

Hey guys, here are more pics of the guy thats been robbing boats in Newport. Who is this? He broke into my buddies boat and stole a bunch of gear. Please Share! Summers here again--! E- Mail this morning from Chris just south of the fathom spot Chaos!!! Capt Lonnie. Fun fishing for November! S Coastal deep droppers working their lines and and ft -- no fish yet-still - standing by He said all they got today were a few barracuda down by the Salt Creek kelp beds but they enjoyed the ride there and back Hey its Saturday--Nov 14 ,, Only 37 more days till the Sun begins to rise earlier- The morning clouds left us- blue hazy sky- wind light from the south 2 kts- seas calm- but cool- air feels cool too- waters clarity is good vis at ft or better- those fish can see you before you see them!

Strong running tides almost 3 kts! Coastal water lumpy this morning statrted to flatten as the day woar on-- wat themps 57 degrees- big tide swing Deep droppers gave up as the day tuned westerly wind came up till the late afternoon hours not much said on the radio and only a few halibut bites that i hear of-. Sky clear and blue- coastal marine haze wind light varring west and south kts-- seas calm inner outer a mixed small 6 sec. Now the 9 month wait for results. Great trip with good people!

Another 30 or so hours to home. What an amazing tribute to the study of these beauties of the Sea-- thanks for sharing Kenny great photo Couple of deep droppers off Cat no fish or bites that I know of but a nice day to do it Boats fished the east end of cat today-- catching reds and bottom dwellers-- Squid should be there --and yellows too-. Call from Greg-- off Mag bay having released over fifteen marlin by 11 am today quads on the jigs-- dorado pesky an all lures Wahoos and marlins and dorados.

Clam seas ,wind very light from the south-- waters clearing up leaving a tea stained bottom in the harbors and bays-- lots of baitfish inside the harbor Days like this makes one wonder why they weren't out deep dropping for a swordfish 7 miles outside the harbor-- maybe someone will.

Simple E- Mail this morning Left harbor at 6am, back by 6pm. Left them biting. Tanner yesterday on Hippo It's not a very big boat! They reported great weather. This group was so much fun, from the high energy fishing, to the luxury of the , the amazing food, and the natural beauty of Mag Bay. This trip is one for the books.

And of course our record setting day that tops it all. Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 4 day average Incredibly proud of this group and my crew. And a huge shut out to captain Steve Lassley, the best captain and friend I can ever have.

Enjoy the photo by John Ellis. The finish video from this man is going to be completely epic. Cell phone call in the late afternoon from Greg -- on they way south-- Uncle Sam Bank brought them multiple Wahoo bites all good sized fish-- Dorado there too -- relatively quite for them on the Ridge till they got to the Thedis Bank-- Fair to good Marlin.

We'll the big question is-- what will this blow do to the fishing conditions- - after a solid 25 to 40 kts of wind and upwelling water for two three days - ya have to think it will drop 5 maybe 10 degrees - we'll just have to see -- How far in depth does this influence go 50 feet at least- -Coastal waters will have the greatest degrading, offshore-- most warmer water fish will leave and they can go quick-- those Bluefin who live at ft below the surface for most of the day-- will probably feel some sort of disturbance - but I"d venture to say give it 4 5 days and we will see them again- of course by new week another blow is forecasted-- and it's these continued blow will make the difference-- standing by-.

An rainy windy day-- -- Small Craft Advisory only a few sailors out Couple of boats gearing up for their journey south to Mag and points beyond- if you require some of the older tackle refreshed or new line on them give us a call - - -looks like another blow coming this next weekend too-.

Bay waters still relitivly clean, lots of baitfish inside the harbor-- Pelicans diving in on it Couple boats weathered in the protection of Cedros-- heading north when they can We've been blessed with the opportunity to view nature and Her ever increasing wonders- - The Great Marlin Race , a objective to scientifically study the movements of billfish throughout the oceans of the world via archive tagging.

From the Hawaiian waters Blue marlin were tagged, Australia Blacks, ,Puerto Rico, South Africa and just about everywhere else in the tempernt waters billfish have tagged and studied. The IGMR has fundamentally changed the way that scientists, anglers, and policymakers understand billfish.

In September 30, , Hooked Captain Geoff Hersch tagged the estimated 36 kg 80 lb striped marlin after a 17 minute bout with angler Jeff Acampora. Both of these tags were sponsored by the Tuna Club of Avalon the two sat tags deployed by Burning Daylight on October 18 and 19, 0 during a 12 day trip from Newport Beach to Magdalena Bay and back. Mission accomplished! My sincere thanks to all tag sponsors, boat captains and crews for making this important billfish research project possible.

Tight lines, Bob Kurz. Hooked- - Had the opportunity to tag a beautiful and strong Striped Marlin here in Mag Bay last week. Now we wait 9 months for data retrieval. Light marine haze seas calm with a small swell from the west -- nice day on the water, Tides swell in the morning hours - Swordfish tides over the next few days as that mid day Slack period brings them up " the Pop". Scientific records show Broadbill Swordfish sounding to the depths ft from dawn - stay deep all day till dusk where again they have a desire to go straight up to the surface within a few meters and stay there till dawn again when the dive deep -- Sometimes-- sometimes they come up the the surface during those broad periods of an Slack Tide "Pop" basking themselves in the midday's warming sunshin e, said to turn "pink" sun burnt then just as quick as the tides turns they dive down again to that deep depth till sunset E-mail from Baja- - Slow pick on the Ridge last week.

Water cooled off degrees. Headed up Friday and got a triple on the wahoo on the Uncle Sam Bank. Big slab on the deck was 70 plus. Just got one for three on deck- -- from our numbers - 5 and -- You'll see em' on the surface -- like breezing try to get you bait in the direction they are breezing hooked one that never stopped -- it's probably still going on We just got a blow up 20 ft ou t from the boat just setting it out and a setting sun.

Nov the 2nd Sun came up at probably do the same tomorrow at am it will set at today and hopefully tomorrow at pm. Tides still strong - though will start to flatten out by the weekend. Sportfishers traveling north these days from the Cape or Mag bay finding only a few short windows of weather for the next week stand by Wind stayed calm for most of the day a few long distance radio calls saying they had tunas up and were chasing them-- not sure where they were but radio reception is good with the and boats talking-- The tuna fleet concentrated on the Cortez or there a bouts - from the web sites still very good fishing big and small.

Again a coastal fog that extends seawards miles - seas ok- weather has some high tropical looking stuff otherwise calm--a few crying gulls in the foggy background. We just dumped one set the pattern out-- came in-- three jumps and it came off They ran to Dana from Newport dragging bonito feathers all the way-- no bonito no life-- that's what the whale watchers were saying very little signs of bait or sealife around these days Hey -- wind in that buoy line it's getting lost in the fog- - it's sure acting funny they were bit- - hours later-- -When I talked to Randy he said it was right here at the boat got to go it just hung there thirty feet off the boat-- G reg put the wood to it and turned it aside and they got the gaffs into it-- more gaffs-- they got the bait back almost un scathed- ready to fish again!

Hooker how's it going - couldn't be much slower Swagger how ya doing we're not doing much here how about you it's A call to Hooker this morning- you catch a marlin yet-- nope haven't seen one, nor had a bite -- Ok we're here out Deep droppin' off Newport-- Daily the fishing reports from the boats heading south are enticing-- from tunas, dorados, and marlins reports from above Cedros Island last week and scores of tailers seen on the Ranger Bank-- to below Turtle and Stripers galore, Wahoo on the Ridge and more marlin nd wahoos off Mag bay proper-- good times for all The weather along the West Coast to Baja's Cape has been relative stable for months - maintaining the majority of sealife mid peninsula -- and it seems stable for a while -- Traditionally by this time of year there would be several Northwest cold fronts coming down the coast interplaying with the Santa Ana highs- but so far really no major storms and 15 day forecast shows a storm two weeks away- so things should stay stable for at least till then and maybe even concentrating the sealife more towards Mag bay in the latter half of November-- - Stand By remember-- bring plenty of circle- hooks-!

A view from last year at this time and this years water temps for the southern half of Baja Party boat below the border below the had a marlin took a trolling jig-- Nomad tuna lure -- purple. A scratchy call mid afternoon-- - JD's tackle -- Jason here-- Sea Horsewe're on out way in -- got two super cows on board-- one at and the other at -- Wow! One yesterday afternoon the other this morning on the Cortez Bank not directly with the fleet but they found bait marks away from the fleet and set up the kites w Flyers - Congrats JD.

A phone call from Matt- telling me he's received cell phone call from the Go- Away Greg, Randy and Jeff aboard were drifting for Swordfish--out by the rigs-- - they'd been on a fish for a hour-- got close but it went away -- just about that time a radio call from Randy- confirmed they were on a fish- and still fighting it Stand By --!!

Fog developing all along the shoreline out for five miles heavy at times and they're fighting that swordfish in the fog-- eerie! Towards that setting yellow sun in the mist of the fog he're right here next to the boat got to go You there-- JD we got em! Yea we got it in the boat- - Greg did it himself-- on 80lb tackle -- weird fighting that fish in the fog-- but it's cleared up here now-- looks to be close to the two mark Nice going's from the fleet-- thanks! Again not much said on the radio today-- Stan was out looking for that "last one" not much happening for them-- even lonely with no other boats out Couple of Deep droppers dow on the upper mile bank-- saying they hadn't meetered much bait but they did get at least one fish while moving the gear the fish hit the freshly moved bait Wed Oct 28 Clear and not so smoky- - light wind from the southwest this morning , more towards the west as the day gets along Got a double going tuna big tunas Must be closer that the Tanner or very-very good radio reception today Offshore Santa Ana Winds prevail mild compared to yesterdays winds- - No clouds yet sill hazy from inland fires- Tides building and Moons filling water clearing as these cold nights settle the sediment that's in the water N0ot much wind lee --the coastal bluffs off South Newport-- Salt Creek and a little below Dana-- Back side of Catalina windy otherwise Small Boston Whaler came back in the harbor this morning -- By its dominant 80lb Swordfish tackle in the rod holde r-- he was out for them this morning-- at least tried- too windy out off the Newport Canyon-- down the line off Abalone Point he gave it an hour or two's try-- but no bites-- came back in as that wind picked up-- Amazing to see --here it's almost November a small skiff with 80 tackle hung off here out fishing for Broadbill Swordfish-.

I passed through Turtle Bay on Sunday and paid 5. It appears they have become more reasonable after not receiving much business lately. Deep droppers 9 Mile bank to La Jolla Canyon- - -- we set up around noon -- was on set 8 and saw 1 was on bit and been on ever since- - Oh Boy that sounds like a big oneyea-- it's traveled a long ways--how you doing - We've got a fatty on -- probably 27 0 --got it on the boat and we're about to run out the gear again-- pm.

There was some grumpling about the fish swordfish that wasn't a swordfish-- shark? A few light sprinkles in the clouds, light west wind kts seas OK with a west swell behind them- Tides again starting to build as that Full develops next week-- Blue Moon again the 31st-. Boats were out locally fishing for the Broadbill Swordfish-- deep dropping out front of Newport-- 8 and 10 lb weights were needed to keep the baits straight up and down with drift and wind currents moving them around maybe a bite or two -- no fish hooked that I heard of Mag Bay fishing looking at the AIS shows the boats between the Entrada and Pt Tosca no word yet on the numbers Others still enjoying the ride- from Turtle southwards to explore the fishing.

Black and Blue No real winners other than in the Release Division, in the Kill side of the tournament -- boats entered- lost -. A maximum of 3 tuna, 1 wahoo or 1 dorado may be weighed per day, per team. Thanks for everything JD. Good size dorado and small YT all on the fly. Amazing fun day change of pace weather and tons of laughs. Saw a nice swordie baited it not on a fly rod took the Mac on for a bit but line broke. Lots of skippies and fished back side of San Clements in 70 water Cheers Chris.

The Cabo's Black and Blue 4. Wilkes the pressure really builds as that clock keeps ticking away you can almost feel the tension -- Stand By- for those last minute hook ups If No Qualifying Fish Caught — Refunds- In the event no qualifying fish are caught during the tournament the portion of the optional Daily Jackpot monies that were allocated for cash awards are refunded by check within four weeks to the Team Contact.

TICK-- TICK-- Tick-- the day draws towards the end of the tournament - and still no a qualifying fish to be weighed- moon looks about right-- but they weren't biting Bluefin tuna continue to be caught--Tanner Bank and there-a bouts-- Big and med sized fish-- the lb goal has been reached-- waht next a lb fish!

San Clemente Island open for the weekend-- hot till sunset today Tick-- Tick-- Tick-- 30 minutes left- and you can bet the boats are almost willing for any type of a bite to come-- no mistakes at this time-- tick tick -- tick. Suerchingo hooks up-- 2 minutes to go Atlantic Anglers hooks up 1 minute left Lines out - One fish boated no weight yet and two hanging at the end of the tournament-- -- boh fish let go - so the Surivor's fish boated with no weight yet standing by Team Survivor,-- fish weighed at Overcast today-- air's a little cooler and a south eddy wind at kts-- seas good.

The Outrider returned with 15 Bluefin Tuna 1 lbs. Today's work schedule brings the past reels to life again , some service and install that precious Linen line of 9 thread wet test 27 lbs and 24 thread wet test 72 lbs. Wow It looks like the Black and Blue did not get a qualifier today that means it all rolls over to tomorrow-- boy you don't want to miss any hook up's or blow it on the gaff or get a backlash in the lines-- -- best of luck -- JD.

Sport boats out of SD still doing well on the tunas bleow the border-- etc. The Outrider called in with 7 Bluefin on the boat 1 lbs. And 1 lbs to start their 1. Waters still warm with a shot even at Dorado in the waters below Dana and into the warmer clearer water Fished the Bay over the weekend in the 57th Lily Call bay fishing tournament -- 4 lb lines only-- Bass, Halibut Corbina and Croakers were the target fishes anglers-- Lots of Spotted Bay Bass weighed the largest at 1.

Great plaque awards and a fun raffle prizes gives away Wally and Tennyson making it happen. Tenny dropped the bait all the back to the stinger to entice the bite as the lure was pulled in to keep the fish following. Boy was it quiet on the radio today-- yet a very pleasant day on the water-- waters still on the warm side for the middle of October- - we'll see if this approaching front drops it a few degrees - or will it break down the existing conditions we've had for the past month Tides are major this weekend-- drops out at 2.

We'll some one had to do it a lb Bluefin Tuna, - ANother fine day-- Hot but livable-- Fog in some spots-- otherwise calm seas, wind 2 3 kts South. Morning radio actitivty better seems the fishing has picked up- with more Yellowfin being found -- Im at 12 over 33 I've got Yellowfin going Going good?

We're getting jig stops about every 5- 10 minutes-- every time these guys take a drink we get bit You There? How far our you about 3 miles from you 20 lb test and 1 hooks-- 12 lbs got one about -- I'm going to try to find some dorado now We just got a Toad That wa a narly blow up-- lost that one but gort anoth one on the line We're you at?

We're on-- sardine plunker we're you markin em-- it's on a 50 W and lb -. First one second one about buck and a half. Watching the blow up on the kike is increaable-- The thought being those fish were up on the shelf and feeding-- then went back into deeper water-- maybe off Del Mar? Another fine morning-- it's HotDamn hot! The VHF radio has many interesting comments said among those this morning -- a tender of two shipping freighters- talking to a deep drop fisherman who had his gear set for two mile,s the tender and freighters heading their way.

We'll I can't do any with the gear and it takes two hours to move it -- it's runs at degrees for two miles-- there's ten individual marked buoys. Deep drop boat-- can see the those tankers- headed your way-- -. My recommendation if it takes two hours to pull you gear you better start now your in the designated federal shipping zones - we will be operating for the 48 hours in this vicinity OK I got you-- thank you-- thank you for your cooperation Scott Sitck boat says saw a pair of tailers off the East end of the island Can Dump this morning so there' still the Last One to be Caught in the fathom depth.

East end of the island cat lots of kelps- with perch and a few small yellows-- Mackerel Banks and the middle of the island clemente grease slick and not much life-- no dorado yet-- Stick Boat report Largest bull 28lbs Chris. Anything out here on the Upper we're out here looking for marlin- no marlin yet- no bones either Anyone want yellowtail were Anybody fishing the yea we are-- had a couple of blind strikes -- guess we'd have to say -- no-.

Keep your eyes we've had at least five quality dorado 20lb fishwe're out past those seiners Los Cabos Billfish Tournament Three hundred points awarded for every blue or black marlin officially released, or 1. Twenty-Five 25 points for any striped marlin, spearfish or sailfish officially release Day Two- with and a lb Blue on the board yesterday Wind light from the west 5- 6 kts- seas light bump otherwise calm and friendly.

Should be a great day on the water and sunset too Good customer dropped by with a reel for repair the other day-. Now in a fishing tackle shop you hear a lot of boastful fish stories-- some you take with a nodding head- the customer - having just made the trip to the Cape to fish the tournaments in a five day voyage.

Sounded like there was a Swordfish bite-- deep down-- marking the spot for anothe drift-- Good day to be on the waters Tides aren't much for the structure fishing but offshore tidal slack periods are extended for hours each way Not much said on the radio several boats drffing for swordifsh off Newport -- Randy tells the tale of a swordfish swimming lazyly by 30 feet away from the bo at. Too much line in the water to reel in and go find it. Bob fished the , never found the dodo's, weather a little sporty till mid day-- fishable-- Things changed-- - seems everything seens to have drifted south or east -- we did find a paddy with rat yellows- no marlin on the trolled jigs And there was a congrats to a catch off the east end-?

Change in the weather-- still overcast but cooler with some clouds-- wind light from the west kts- seas calm-. E-Mail from Chris this morning - JD, hope all is well. Ran out to the 43 today. Temp was 73 not much around.

The had a marlin on the surface thrashing around. San Clemente Island Security's Web site shows the island Pyramid Cove to be Hot today till midnigh t then open all day Sat but again goes Hot on Sunday morning 7am till late afternoon Call the club for details or E Mail to Info balboaanglingclub. A light overcast sky some broken clouds wind slight at 1 maybe 2 kts flags are limp- seas calm good day to be on the water and forget all this land stuff-- Tides flattening out Radio chatter at a minimum - probably a good day to be out trolling for tunas, marlins dorado's or just out searching the water for the enjoyment of that alone.

Just received in a shipment from a Wholesale supplier of tackle and supplies - - the order was place Sept 12 th! Many psychologists believe that light has a tremendous influence on human behavior. There is a level of light that people experience as the most pleasant. Brightly lit rooms are more arousing than dimly lit rooms. Light also influences the image of a retail store as shop-pers look at and scrutinize merchandise to purchase. CPTED principles were founded not only on social interactions, criminology, and archi-tecture but also on the psychological impact of the principles.

Colors have a physical aspect in security, i. Security practitioners do well in applying the physical aspect of color such as using lighter colors to reflect more light but not very well at consid-ering the emotions evoked from a particular. Many security practitioners believe that the use of color may be one aspect to consider for preventing crime and may have a positive impact on workplace violence, school safety, and a number of other applications.

Any designer or interior decorator can tell you how important color is for setting the mood for an environment. Experiments have shown that different colors affect blood pressure, pulse, and respiration rates, as well as brain activity and biorhythms. Red —Red is a powerful color. Its effect is physical, strong, and basic. Red is stimulating and lively as well as friendly.

Positives : physical, courage, strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, fight or flight, stimulation, masculinity, excitement. Blue —Blue is the color of the mind and is essentially soothing. It affects us mentally, rather than like the physical reaction we have to red. Strong blues will stimulate clear thoughts and lighter, soft blues will calm the mind and aid concentration.

Positives : intellectual, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, duty, logic, coolness, reflection, calm. Yellow —The yellow wavelength is relatively long and essentially stimulating. The wrong. Positives : emotional, optimism, confidence, Cabinet Drawer Slide Rear Bracket Cell self-esteem, extraversion, emotional strength, friendliness, creativity. Negatives : irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, depression, anxiety, suicide. Positives : harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance, environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace.

Violet —The excessive use of purple can bring about too much of the wrong tone faster than any other color if it communicates something cheap and nasty. Positives : spiritual awareness, containment, vision, luxury, authenticity, truth, quality. Negatives : introversion, suppression, inferiority. Orange —Orange focuses our minds on issues of physical comfort—food, warmth, shelter, and sensuality. It is a fun color.

Too much orange suggests a lack of serious intellectual values. Positives : physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, abundance, fun. Black —Black is all colors, totally absorbed.

It creates barriers, as it absorbs all the energy coming toward you. Black is the absence of light. Many people are afraid of the dark. In cowboy movies, the good guys wear what color hats? The bad guys wear what color hats? We wear a black tie to a funeral. We wear black to look thinner; however, in a fashion designer stated multicolor clothing was the way to go.

Black race horses look faster. Positives : sophistication, glamor, security, emotional safety, efficiency, substance. Gray —The heavy use of gray usually indicates a lack of confidence and fear of exposure.

Pink —Being a tint of red, pink also affects us physically, but it soothes rather than stimulates. Pink is a powerful color, psychologically. White —White is total reflection. It reflects the full force of the spectrum to the eyes. White is purity, the negative effect of white on warm colors is to make them look and feel garish.

Positives : hygiene, sterility, clarity, purity, cleanness, simplicity, sophistication, efficiency. Negatives : sterility, coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, elitism. White is total reflection. Positives : seriousness, warmth, nature, earthiness, reliability, support. Negatives : lack of humor, heaviness, lack of sophistication.

At a local bank, we noticed the warm color scheme of the bank interior and the lighting lev-els were designed to help customers feel safe and comfortable. We could tell that someone had certainly done their homework. Additionally, the bank manager was in the lobby greeting customers.

The comfort zone they were hop-ing for definitely worked. Many hospitals and other medical facilities use green as an interior color to project calmness. When discussing the psychology of color, remember that blue and green have a relaxing effect, whereas red and orange are stimulating. Warm colors are perceived as being protective and clear and saturated colors are experienced as more pleasant.

Dark colors are perceived as more dominant and more strongly suggest hos-tility and aggression. The psychology of color is complex. There are differing opinions about color as well as scientific research on colors and the combinations of colors.

CPTED involves the design of physical space in the context of the needs of legitimate users of the space physical, social, and psy-chological needs , the normal and expected or intended use of the space the activity or absence of activity planned for the space , and the predictable behavior of both intended users and offenders.

Therefore, in the CPTED approach, a design is proper if it recognizes the designated use of the space, defines the crime problem incidental to and the solu-tion compatible with the designated use, and incorporates the crime prevention strategies that enhance or at least do not impair the effective use of the space.

Kerry Kirpatrick, the Social Media Director for Buildings Magazine, stated that research has revealed that increased productivity is a benefit of green buildings through a study that was designed to reflect indoor environments encountered by large numbers of people every day.

The ceiling of parking garages should be painted white as to get the best reflection possible from lighting. Consider LED lighting because it is the most cost-effective.

Also, painting the walls white will enhance the effect and strength of not only the CPTED principle of surveillance but also that. Street lighting can have an effect on perceived personal safety and reduce the fear of becoming victimized in a particular environment. Street light-ing is generally seen as the most important physi-cal feature of an environment to affect perceived personal safety.

The general consensus is that ade-quate street lighting can reduce crime rates and also reduce the fear of crime. Consideration must again be given to the environment addressed and its intended use.

Overlighting or too much light in a neighborhood may have a negative consequence on the surveillance principle of CPTED by result-ing in residents closing their blinds to block out the offending, trespassing light and limiting natural surveillance. Utilizing adequate lighting, walkways and entryways to buildings should be clearly vis-ible for members of the community.

Landscape should be maintained to minimize obstacles to clear observability and places of concealment for potential assailants. This is achieved by trimming bushes to 36 inches in height and tree branches to 8 feet from the ground. Sidewalks, streets, and parking lots must be clean power washed and free of graffiti.

Ensure that there is proper signage and ade-quate lighting. Create a venue for after-school activities that encourage youth to take ownership of the space for socializing, such as small shel-ter areas with cell phone chargers and Wi-Fi access. Signage plays an important role in park secu-rity.

There should be signs indicating the hours the park is open and rules for those utilizing the space. Proper signage removes the excuses for unacceptable behavior, draws attention to the illegitimate activity, and legitimizes police involvement, thus making the violation of the information on the posted signs an excellent crime prevention tool.

There is a vast array of traffic calming devices, such as speed bumps and raised cross-walks. These areas should be painted yellow and proper signage posted. At the entrance to neighborhoods or communities, post neighbor-hood watch or block watch signs.

Use boulders or bollards to control vehicular access see Photo 1. Consider adding com-munity art or sculptures, which not only control access but also reinforce the purpose by giving implied ownership to the artists.

Perimeter fencing should be between 6 and 8 feet tall with three strands of barb wire on the top for a total of 7—9 feet in height. We would not recommend this unless it was a large prop-erty and the perimeter was a significant distance from the business or facility. Careful consider-ation to the type of fencing, the desired impact boundary definition vs.

LED lighting is cost-effective and should meet lighting standards and guidelines for brightness but may not serve all applications best. Alternatively, this problem may be addressed by contacting the school or bus com-pany to monitor the space via video surveillance. Do not allow tagging or graffiti in public spaces. Consider the use of paint or coatings that will allow for easy removal of graffiti.

Community policing programs, including the formulation of public—private sector partner-ships 12 can be used to fight disorder and crime. One example is a place in Richmond, Virginia, where a com-munity flower garden was placed. People who worked in the garden monitored the space. Another option is for the city to share the prop-erty via giving the lot to Habitat for Humanity to build a structure on within a given time frame, thus resulting in tax revenue.

Inspections from local government agencies can also result in the owners of vacant property being held respon-sible for the upkeep of the property or pay fines for noncompliance. Redesign properties using CPTED principles to make them more crime resistant by reducing the criminal opportunity within the community.

Law enforcement support is also needed as to address specific issues and to support a safe community. Locate open spaces and recreational areas in neighborhoods so they are visible natu-ral surveillance from nearby homes and the street. Avoid landscaping that might create blind spots or hiding places. Make sure there is effective lighting. Join or start a neighborhood watch in your neighborhood.

In apartment buildings, ensure that interior hallways are well lit with a secure front door. Install good-quality deadbolt locks and peep-holes on unit doors. Provide a secondary locking device to any sliding glass doors, windows on ground floor, and fire escapes. Provide a com-mon space in central locations to encourage ten-ant interaction. Join or start an apartment watch or neighborhood watch in your building. For retail businesses, locate checkout coun-ters near the front of the store, clearly visible from outside.

Use shelving and displays no higher than 4 inches to help see who is in the store. Avoid creating outdoor spaces that encourage loitering. Install mirrors at strategic locations as well as a security sur-veillance system. Some work has been done in —see refer-ences for this material.

You get 3 years of data from the local police department and from the complex. After a full assessment and review of the natural surveil-lance landscape security and natural access and territoriality, the complex hardens the target.

The job of security now must change to be more proactive. In the past crimes of the past 3 years are to be addressed and programs such as awareness or neighborhood are imple-mented followed by security making monthly reports on the status of aspects of physical security. The guy walking down the street with the black dog. Who is he? Now evaluate the response. What does that tell you?

Thieves also do assessments and evaluate your complex. It is not a pretty sight. After all of the above-mentioned strategies have been completed and security is main-tained at the highest level, you should have a reduction in crime risks and crime as well as a reduction in fear of crime.

Then after 3 years, you compare the data with the previ-ous 3 years to see your results Fennelly and Perry, A security assessment is the process of eval-uating a site for security vulnerabilities and making recommendations to address said vul-nerabilities.

The goal is to either remove or reduce the potential vulnerability. Reduce opportunities for crime and fear of crime by making open areas more easily observable and by increasing activity in the neighborhood.

Provide ways in which neighborhood resi-dents, business people, and law enforcement can work together more effectively to reduce opportunities and incentives for crime.

Provide public information programs that help schools, businesses, and residents protect themselves from crime. Encourage citizens to report crimes so they can be a part of the problem-solving process.

The steps taken to achieve these objectives include:. The application of CPTED concepts has been used successfully throughout the country to reduce not only the incidence of crime but also the fear of crime, which leads to an improvement in the quality of life for everyone who lives, works, or visits the neighborhood or community. A special thanks to Rick Draper for designing the QR code for us. Fennelly, Marianna Perry [email protected] , [email protected].

This chapter provides a description of how to apply the principles and concepts of imple-menting a physical protection system PPS and how to identify the vulnerabilities of an installed PPS and propose effective upgrades if needed.

It also discusses the additional key con-cepts of risk management, vulnerability assess-ment VA , and systems engineering. This text is a follow-on to the previously published Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems. That book hereafter referred to as the Design textbook provided an overview of the principles and concepts that must be considered when implementing a PPS; this book is a description of how to apply those principles and concepts to identify the vulnerabilities of an installed PPS and propose effective upgrades if needed.

A VA is a systematic evaluation in which quantitative or qualitative techniques are used to predict PPS component performance and overall system effectiveness by identifying exploitable weaknesses in asset protection for a defined threat.

After the VA identifies weak-nesses, it is used to establish the requirements for an upgraded PPS design.

In addition, a VA is also used to support management decisions regarding protection system upgrades. Risk assessment and VA are such closely related activities that many security professionals use the terms interchangeably. This may not present a huge problem in practice, but it does hinder communication between and among security service providers and customers. The VA process can be broken into three dis-tinct phases: planning, conducting the VA, and reporting and using the results.

This process is part of the larger risk assessment process. Each of the phases will be described in detail in the. Vulnerability assessment of physical protection systems. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, Updated by the editor, Elsevier, This text is concerned with the VA of a PPS, but the concepts can be applied to cyber protec-tion, personnel protection, and overall security protection at a facility or across an enterprise.

For clarity, throughout this text the term enter-prise includes organizations, companies, agen-cies, governments, or any other entity with the need to manage security risks. The term asset includes people, property, information, or any other possession of an enterprise that has value. It is important to differentiate security from safety when discussing a VA.

Safety is defined as the measures people, procedures, or equip-ment used to prevent or detect an abnormal condition that can endanger people, property, or the enterprise.

These include accidents caused by human carelessness, inattentiveness, and lack of training or other unintentional events. Security, on the other hand, includes the measures used to protect people, property, or the enterprise from malevolent human threats.

This includes civil disturbances, sabotage, pilferage, theft of critical property or information, workplace vio-lence, extortion, or other intentional attacks on assets by a human. A good security VA will con-sider safety controls because some safety mea-sures aid in detection and response to security events sprinklers will fight fires regardless of the cause , but some attacks require additional detection and response capability.

For example, a disgruntled employee can sabotage critical manufacturing equipment and reduce produc-tion to a significant extent. Without security con-trols, it could be difficult to determine quickly enough whether this is an intentional act of sab-otage and prevent a significant loss of revenue. Risk management is the set of actions an enterprise takes to address identified risks and includes avoidance, reduction, spreading, trans-fer, elimination, and acceptance options. Good risk management programs will likely include a combination of these options.

Risk avoidance is accomplished by removing the source of the risk; for example, a company may choose to buy a critical component from another com-pany, rather than manufacture it. This removes the production line as a sabotage target.

Risk reduction is achieved by taking some actions to lower risk to the enterprise to reduce the sever-ity of the loss. This is the goal of many secu-rity programs—lower risk by implementing at least some security measures. Risk can also be spread among multiple locations, perhaps by having similar production capability at more than one enterprise facility. Then, loss of capa-bility at one site may be managed by increas-ing production at the other locations. Another example of risk spreading is the distribution of assets across a large industrial facility.

By sepa-rating the assets, fewer assets may be at risk during any given adversary attack. Risk trans-fer is the use of insurance to cover the replace-ment or other costs incurred as a result of the loss.

This is an important tool in many security systems. Risk acceptance is the recognition that there will always be some residual risk. The key is to knowingly determine an acceptable level, rather than unwittingly accepting it. In security risk management, these decisions are based on the consequence of loss of the asset, the defined threat, and the risk tolerance of the enterprise.

A trade-off analysis must be performed to ensure that the dollars spent on physical security pro-vide a cost-effective solution to security issues.

If other risk management options provide equal or better results at lower cost, the use of a PPS may not be justified. Security is only one facet of risk; therefore, it must be considered in the context of holistic risk management across the enterprise, along with other categories such as market, credit, opera-tional, strategic, liquidity, and hazard risks.

The relationships among risk management, risk assessment, and VA are shown in Fig. Risks across an enterprise must be managed holisti-cally, and those identified as above an acceptable level must be addressed.

VA is one of the con-stituent pieces of security risk assessment and is used to support risk management decisions. To frame the relationship between risk assess-ment and risk management, consider definitions provided by Kaplan and Garrick, who state that in risk assessment, the analyst attempts to answer three questions: What can go wrong?

What is the likelihood that it would go wrong? What are the consequences? The answers to these questions help identify, measure, quan-tify, and evaluate risks. Then, risk manage-ment builds on risk assessment by answering.

What options are available? What are their asso-ciated trade-offs in terms of costs, benefits, and risks? What are the impacts of current manage-ment decisions on future options? The answer to the last question provides the optimal solution. Total risk management results from this process, where total risk management is defined as a sys-tematic, statistically based, holistic process that builds on formal risk assessment and manage-ment by answering the two sets of questions and addressing the sources of system failures.

A security risk assessment is the process of answering the first three questions using threat, likelihood of attack, and consequence of loss as their benchmarks.

A thorough security risk assessment would consider risks in the component parts of a secu-rity system cyber, executive, transportation protection, etc. Most facilities or enterprises routinely con-duct risk assessments of their security systems to verify that they are protecting corporate assets and to identify areas that may need addi-tional attention. These assessments are defined differently for different enterprises, but in gen-eral they include consideration of the likelihood of a negative event; in this case, it is a security incident and the consequence of that event.

The Design textbook ended with a description of risk assessment and provided a formula that can be used to calculate risk, using qualitative or quan-titative measures. That discussion, with one addition, is repeated here. Security risk can be measured qualitatively or quantitatively through the use of the following equation:. Range is 0—1, with 0 being no risk and 1 being maximum risk. This can be difficult to determine, but generally there are records available to assist in this effort.

This probability ranges from 0 no chance at all of an attack to 1 certainty of attack. This is called a conditional risk, where. This does not mean there will absolutely be an attack, but that the probability of attack is unknown or the asset is so valuable that it will be protected anyway. This approach can be used for any asset, but it is generally reserved for the most critical assets of a facility, where the consequence of loss is unacceptably high, even if PA is low.

PN can include a range of tactics from verbal com-mands up through deadly force. The appropri-ate response depends on the defined threat and consequence of loss of the asset. This is a normalizing factor, which allows the conditional risk value to be compared with other risks across the facility. A consequence table of all events can be created that covers the loss spectrum, from highest to lowest. By using this consequence table, risk can be normalized over all possible events.

Then, limited PPS resources can be appropriately allocated to ensure that the highest consequence assets are protected and meet an acceptable risk. Note that this equation introduces the use of a new term—the probability of neutralization PN. This was discussed only briefly in the Design book, because many facilities do not have an immediate response to security events.

It is included here because response is a part of VA at all facilities. Using probabilistic risk assessment is more formal, scientific, technical, quantitative, and objective when compared with risk management, which involves value judgment and heuristics and is more subjective, qualitative, societal, and political.

Ideally, the use of probabilities is based on objective likelihoods, but in security it is common to use more subjective likelihoods based on intuition; expertise; partial, defective,. This is important because these are major sources of uncertainty, and uncertainty is a major element of risk. Additionally, these mea-sures can reduce the credibility of the security risk assessment for senior management, who are used to seeing documented data in standard analysis models.

In security systems, this uncer-tainty is even larger than normal, owing to the lack of dependable i. An additional use of the risk equation is that the security risk life cycle can be viewed in con-text.

When considering security systems and the attack timeline, the attack can be broken into three discrete phases: preattack, which is the time the adversary takes to plan the attack; the attack phase, when the adversary actually shows up to attack the facility, and the attack has started; and postattack, when the adversary has completed the attack, and the consequences of a successful attack occur. If the problem is approached this way, each term in the equa-tion is of primary importance during different phases of the attack.

As such, PA is most use-ful during the preattack phase. This is where intelligence agencies and deterrence have their biggest effect. Intelligence agencies gather infor-mation concerning threats and provide assess-ments about their likelihood of attack.

These agencies may even develop enough informa-tion to disrupt an attack by collecting enough legal evidence to arrest the adversary, through tips from inside sources, or by alerting targeted enterprises, allowing them to increase security protection. All of these activities will have an effect on PA.

Heightened security responses to intelligence assessments indicating potential attacks on Citibank and the stock exchange in New York, and the World Bank in Washington, DC, are examples of preattack influences. If a quantitative approach is used, the PA and C terms can be calculated using historical data and consequence criteria, respectively.

In a qual-itative analysis, these terms can be represented. This determination is based on the capability of the threat and the consequence of loss of the asset. If the likelihood of attack is high, but the consequence is low think about shoplifting at one store in an enterprise , the problem to be solved is easier than if both PA and C are high.

This ignores the cumulative effects of shoplifting across the enterprise. Many thefts of low-value items can add up to a high over-all impact and this is part of the analysis. There are times when either approach is appropriate, and the choice should be driven by the conse-quence of loss. This is based on the assumption that assets with a higher consequence of loss will attract more capable and motivated adver-saries threats , which in turn will require a PPS that is correspondingly more effective.

Qualitative analysis uses the presence of PPS components and adherence to PPS principles as system effectiveness measures. A quantitative analysis uses specific component performance measures derived from rigorous testing to predict overall system effectiveness.

At any given facility either or both techniques may be used depending on the consequence of loss of the asset.

Relative value of PPS compo-nents based on expert opinion is another form of analysis of system effectiveness; however, the outcome depends heavily on the knowledge and experience of the expert. This section ends with a definition of terms that are used in risk assessments, particularly with respect to the probability of attack by an adversary.

These are the proper definitions of these terms; some enterprises may use them dif-ferently. Probability is a number that is, by defi-nition, between 0 and 1 and may or may not be time dependent. As an example, the probability of snow on any given day in Ohio may be 0. This is discussed further in the next section. Although probability of attack is routinely cited as a threat measure, it is important to note that there frequently is not enough data to support a true probability.

For example, there is no statis-tical data to support the probability of terrorist attacks. This is a good example of high-consequence, low-prob-ability events and the use of conditional risk. For some assets, the consequence of loss is unac-ceptably high, and measures are taken to pre-vent successful adversary attacks, regardless of the low likelihood of attack. Frequency refers to how many times an event has happened over a specified time and is also called a rate.

Annual loss exposure is an example of a frequency often used in security risk assessments. Likelihood may be a frequency, probability, or qualitative measure of occurrence. This is more of a catchall term and generally implies a less rigorous treat-ment of the measure. Haimes has written a thor-ough discussion of risk modeling, assessment, and management techniques that can be used in security or general risk applications.

In any discussion of quantitative security system effectiveness, the subject of statistics of security performance arises. To many, statistics is a subject that arouses suspicion and even dread; however, there are a few fairly simple concepts that form the basis of statistical analy-sis of security effectiveness.

Most of these con-cepts are related to the possible outcomes of a security event. A security event occurs when a security component people, procedures, or equipment encounters a stimulus and per-forms its intended task, for example, when something, such as a human or small animal, enters the detection envelope of an intrusion sensor. There are four possible outcomes of this event:. The successes and failures are related such that when a human-size object is presented, there are two complementary results, and when a smaller-than-human-size object is presented, there are also two complementary results.

This fact is used later in the discussion. Sensors are the example used here, but this principle applies to any of the probabilities used in this text—the success or failure of a PPS component or the system in performing its intended task can be measured. Most statistical analysis of security perfor-mance is based on these four possible out-comes. The rate at which a sensor successfully detects objects is described as the detection rate.

For example, if a sensor successfully detects a human-size object 9 times out of 10 events the detection rate for that group of 10 events is 0. This is a statistic but is not yet a probability. The detection rate can be turned into a probability when coupled with a confi-dence level, which is established based on the number of events that are analyzed; the more the data available, the more the confidence there is in the probability.

This is easily under-stood when considering a common example. If a person tosses a coin and the outcome is heads, it would be unwise to assume that every coin toss will result in heads. If the experiment is con-tinued to include trials, the confidence in the estimate of the likely results is even higher.

At this point the rate can be estimated with some statistical confidence, and this estimate is a probability. In other words, a probability is an estimate of predicted outcomes of identical trials stated with a confidence level.

In reality, when designing performance tests, a confidence level is cho-sen that requires performance of a reasonable number of trials. It is not the intent of this section to teach readers how to calculate the statistics of secu-rity component effectiveness, but to familiarize them with the terminology and underlying con-cepts as applied to a PPS.

For example, if a metal detector is tested by carrying a gun through it 20 times and it detects all 20 times, the probability of detection can be calculated at a specified con-fidence level. Using this confidence level, the probability calculated for the metal detector based on the 20 trials is 0.

The actual detection rate may be higher, but this is what can be supported given the amount of data collected. Sometimes it is more useful to classify PPS component performance into error rates rather than probabilities. These error rates are the mathematical complement of the success rates, which is the number of trials minus the number of successes i.

The error rates are stated as false accept and false reject rates. In the preceding sensor example, not detecting the human-size object is a false accept and detecting a smaller-than-human-size object is a false reject. This example is used to show that these are the same possible outcomes; however, error rates are seldom used when describing the performance of detection sensor devices. Error rates are much more useful when characteriz-ing the performance of entry control devices, particularly when evaluating the performance of biometric identity verification devices.

These devices measure some biological feature, such as a fingerprint, to verify the identity of an. In this case, false acceptance of a fingerprint from someone who should not be allowed into a security area and false rejection of someone who should be allowed to enter a secured area are useful ways to view the data.

Other factors of interest in security compo-nent evaluation include discrimination and sus-ceptibility to noise. Often, this is beyond the technical capa-bility of the device. In the preceding sensor example, a human-size object may or may not have specific characteristics that allow the sen-sor to discriminate between a human and a human-size animal like a small deer or large dog. When the sensor does not have the ability to discriminate between stimuli of equal mag-nitude, another statistic, the nuisance alarm rate NAR , is used.

A nuisance alarm is caused when the sensor detects an object that is of suf-ficient magnitude but benign in nature. Anyone who has had a belt buckle cause an alarm in an airport metal detector has experienced a nui-sance alarm assuming that person was not also carrying a gun!

The sources of nuisance alarms are easy to identify when the alarm is assessed by direct human observation or by viewing an image using a video camera.

Understanding the causes of nuisance alarms is important in both design and analysis of a PPS. In this scenario, human operators eventually discount alarms and may not pay sufficient attention to a real alarm when it occurs. Some technologies are also susceptible to noise. Noise in the sensor includes sound, elec-tromagnetic, or even chemical sources. This noise can be present in the background or be internal to the system. Whenever a sensor alarms on external or internal noise, this is defined as a false alarm.

False alarms also reduce system. Indeed, false alarms can further erode confidence in the PPS because there is no observ-able alarm source present. Throughout the discussions of security com-ponent performance in this text, it is important to remember that the four possible outcomes of any event are considered.

This information, together with the concepts of discrimination and susceptibility to noise, forms the basis of almost all security component performance evaluation. Combined with defeat analysis which is dis-cussed in other chapters , the full picture of PPS effectiveness emerges.

The evaluation techniques presented in this text use a system performance-based approach to meeting the PPS objectives. Recall that the pri-mary functions of a PPS are detection, delay, and response see Fig. Each of these functional subsystems is described in the following chap-ters and includes a description of both quantita-tive and qualitative methods of evaluating PPS components at a facility. Quantitative techniques are recommended for facilities with high-conse-quence loss assets; qualitative techniques can be used if there are no quantitative data available or if the asset value is much lower.

It is important to determine before the start of the VA whether a qualitative or quantitative analysis technique will be used. This ensures that the VA team col-lects the appropriate data and reports the results in a form that is useful for the analysis. When performing a VA, the general pur-pose is to evaluate each component of the PPS to estimate their performance as installed at the facility. Once this is done, an estimate of overall system performance is made. The key to a good VA is accurately estimating component perfor-mance.

When using a quantitative approach, this is done by starting with a tested performance. As in the Design textbook, this process provides the framework for conducting a vulnerability assessment.

Although frequently not part of the VA, the protection objectives must be known before evaluating the facility. For quali-tative analysis, performance of each component is degraded based on the same conditions, but the performance of the device is assigned a level of effectiveness, such as high, medium, or low, rather than a number.

In addition, compo-nent performance must be evaluated under all weather conditions and facility states and con-sidering all threats.

The following sections intro-duce the various stages and activities of a VA. Before a VA can be performed at a facility, a certain amount of preliminary work must be done to plan and manage the VA so that the. The use of common project management principles and techniques provides a structure and a well-accepted method of approaching the technical, administrative, and business aspects of a VA.

At a high level, a project can be broken into three major stages: planning, managing the work, and closeout. Projects, by their definition, have a defined start and end date. There is a point in time when the work did not exist before the project , when it does exist the project , and when it does not exist again after the project. Many VA projects start with an initial customer contact, perhaps as a follow-on to existing work, a reference from another person or business, or as a result of a marketing activity.

Project planning starts with understanding what the customer wants. This stage of the project normally involves meetings with the customer to discuss what problems they are having or want to avoid, to understand why they are motivated to do this now, and to discover any specific constraints they may have. Defining the project includes determining the scope of work, as well as what needs to be done, over what period of time, and the cost of the final product.

The project scope should state the project objectives and major constraints, such as dollars available or time to complete. Generally, the project is defined in a master document, statement of work, contract, memorandum of agreement, or some other equivalent document. This master document is usually supplemented by a requirements document, which is a summary of the technical specifications or performance required for the delivered product.

After the project has been approved, the customer has sent funding, the project team has been identified, and other administra-tive issues are set, the actual work can begin. Managing the project includes providing cus-tomer support; following the project plan; resolving major and minor project issues on a timely basis; and keeping the project on sched-ule, within budget and scope, and performing as expected.

All of these aspects of the project are organized so that communication between the project leader and the customer and the project team occurs regularly, project risks are managed, product quality maintains an accept-able level, and all project metrics are monitored and remain in compliance.

Project closeout can be bro-ken into three areas: financial, administrative, and technical. Financial closeout of the project provides a final accounting of all project costs. Administrative closeout tasks include collect-ing all project documentation, storing it in an archive, destroying drafts or working papers that are no longer needed, returning any customer-owned equipment or documents, and verifying that all sensitive information is properly marked and stored securely.

The technical closeout of the project can include a project closeout meeting, a lessons learned review, and a closeout report to the customer or internal management. The use of good project management prin-ciples, tools, and skills will help scope, define, manage, and complete a successful VA project for both the VA provider and the customer. A combination of project planning and manage-ment techniques minimizes the effects of inevita-ble project problems and provides a framework to work through major project hurdles.

The functional responsibilities of a VA team require a project leader and appropriate subject matter experts SMEs. Many VA teams will use only a few personnel to serve these roles. Each team member may perform multiple functions, but all appropriate functions must be performed for a thorough VA. The major roles and respon-sibilities of the VA team include:. All members of the VA team should under-stand their roles and responsibilities, including what information or activities they are expected to contribute to the overall assessment.

Before starting the VA, it is helpful to have kick-off meetings with the project team and the cus-tomer. The project team kickoff meeting is meant to familiarize all team members with the project scope, deliverables, schedule, and funding and to answer any questions. This meeting is also the time to start planning the VA. An overview of the facility layout, geography, weather, and opera-tions can be presented, along with any informa-tion concerning threats and targets.

Usually, the tools that will be used in the analysis are known, but if not, this is a good time to initiate discussion about appropriate analysis tools. It can be useful to summarize all of the known information about the project and facility in a VA team guide.

This guide serves as a means of communicating information to all project team members and as a living document that captures facility information. The guide is a reasonably detailed description of the planned activities but does not need to be extremely lengthy.

It is expected that some portions of the guide will be common to all VAs and some portions will be unique to a specific facility. The team guide should include the background of the VA, how it will be conducted, team assignments, logistics, and administrative details. Whatever the scope of the VA, a variety of site-specific data are required to complete the planning phase of the VA. This information is necessary to plan and carry out the VA in the most efficient and least intrusive manner.

The more this information is known before the team gets to the facility, the easier and faster the VA will be, thus limiting the cost and duration of the team visit. Typical informa-tion required includes drawings of the facility, number of employees, operational hours, loca-tions of critical assets, existing PPS equipment, weather conditions, on-site personnel contact information, and location of a workspace for the VA team. If known, this information is included in the team guide.

Another important aspect of the VA project is a briefing to senior management of the facility that will be evaluated. The better the purpose of the VA is communicated to management, the easier the evaluation will be, with few objec-tions to team activities.

This briefing should be clear about the goals and objectives of the VA, how it will be used, when it will be completed, and how the results will be communicated. For some facilities, senior management will receive the report directly. For others, the report may be submitted to another group, who will then distribute the results to the facility. Once the VA team arrives on site, it may be necessary to have a kickoff meeting to explain the VA to lower level facility personnel.

Senior management, facil-ity points of contact, the facility security man-ager, operations and safety representatives, the entire VA team, and other stakeholders should be invited to this briefing. If facility manage-ment has already heard a briefing on the proj-ect, they may not attend, although it is probably good practice to invite them or a representative.

Every effort should be made to provide a kickoff meeting at the start of the VA, but if this is not possible, the project leader should be prepared to brief managers and staff at the facility before collecting data in each of the functional areas. To successfully complete a good VA, it is crit-ical that protection system objectives are well understood.

These objectives include threat definition, target identification, and facility characterization. Each enterprise defines VA and risk assessment differently, and as a result some facilities may not have defined threats or identified assets.

At facilities where the threat and assets have not already been defined, this task must be included as part of the VA proj-ect, although this is generally part of a risk assessment. This will likely add cost and time to the project; therefore, it is critical to under-stand this before finalizing these details in the project plan.

Knowing the threat is one of the required inputs to a VA because the threat establishes the performance that is required from the PPS. We would not evaluate a PPS protecting an asset from vandals the same way we would for a system protecting an asset from terror-ists. By describing the threat, the assumptions that were made to perform the assessment are documented and linked to the decisions that are made regarding the need for upgrades.

As such, threat definition is a tool that helps facility man-agers understand how adversary capabilities impact asset protection and helps PPS designers understand the requirements of the final PPS.

In addition to threat definition, the VA team must also have an understanding of the assets to be protected at the facility. As with threat defi-nition, some customers do not have their assets identified and prioritized before performing a VA. In this case, this must be accomplished before performing the VA. There are three meth-ods for target identification including manual listing of targets, logic diagrams to identify vital areas for sabotage attacks, and use of con-sequence analysis to screen and prioritize tar-gets.

After threats have been defined and assets have been prioritized, a considerable amount. The volume of information can be combined into a matrix that relates probability of attack, threat level and tac-tic, and consequence of loss of assets. The major part of a VA is facility characteriza-tion, which consists of evaluating the PPS at the facility.

The goal of a VA is to identify PPS compo-nents in the functional areas of detection, delay, and response and gather sufficient data to esti-mate their performance against specific threats.

The PPS is characterized at the component and system level, and vulnerabilities to defeat by the threat are documented. Data collection is the core of PPS characterization; accurate data are the basis for conducting a true analysis of the ability of the PPS to meet its defined objectives.

Accuracy, however, is only one of several factors to consider. The data gathered must be appro-priate to the purpose and scope of the VA, and the quantity and form of the data must be suf-ficient based on available resources and desired confidence in the results.

A facility tour is usually conducted early in a VA. During the initial facility tour, the VA team begins to gather information regarding the gen-eral layout of the facility, the locations of key assets, information about facility operations and production capabilities, and locations and types of PPS components.

Review of key docu-ments and selected records are two important PPS characterization activities. These are useful in the evaluation of the effectiveness of a PPS and may begin during the planning phase of a VA. This step of a VA will also include inter-views with key facility personnel. Interviews are critical to clarify information and to gain greater insight into specific facility operating procedures.

Interviews with personnel at all organizational levels are recommended. Testing is the most valuable data collection method for. Evaluation testing can determine whether personnel have the skills and abilities to perform their duties, whether procedures work, and whether equip-ment is functional and appropriate.

Evaluation tests include functional, operability, and perfor-mance tests. Functional tests verify that a device is on, and that it is performing as expected i. Operability tests verify that a device is on and working i. Performance testing is the char-acterization of a device by repeating the same test enough times to establish a measure of device capability against different threats. A sensor is tested many times using crawling, walking, and running modes and under day, night, and varying weather conditions to fully characterize the probability of detection and NAR.

Because performance tests are fairly rigorous and require many repetitions over a period of time, they are generally impractical during a VA. Performance testing is typically performed in a laboratory or nonoperational facility. One of the goals of the VA team before any system analysis is to identify the various facil-ity states that can exist at the facility.

A VA is used to establish vulnerabilities at a facility at all times of the day and at all times of the year.

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