Open-source hardware - Wikipedia

Open-source hardware Open-source hardware OSH consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by hardwae open-design movement [1]. Both free and open-source software FOSS and open-source hardware are created by this open-source culture movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components.

It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH free and open-source hardware. The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it — coupling it closely to open hardware wikipedia pdf maker movement.

The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high return on investment for the scientific community. Since the rise of reconfigurable programmable logic devices, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, hardware description language HDL code is shared.

HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up system-on-a-chip systems either in field-programmable gate arrays Open hardware wikipedia pdf or directly in application-specific integrated circuit The "open source hardware" ASIC designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property cores, also known as IP cores. Contents History The RepRap general-purpose 3D Forms of open-source hardware printer with the ability to make Computers copies of most of its own structural Electronics parts Mecha tro nics Others Licenses Development Open-source labs Business models Reception and impact Find open-source hardware products See also References External links.

History The first hardware focused "open source" activities qikipedia started around by Bruce Perens, creator of the Open Source Definition, co- founder of the Open Source Initiative, and a ham radio operator. He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open. Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project OHSpec wikipedua, another attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems.

But most of these activities faded out after a few years. The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses.

Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware and software developers as well as other volunteers. Development of new open open hardware wikipedia pdf designs at FreeIO ended in when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing OSHWA logo designs remain available from the organization's website.

By the mid s open-source hardware again became a hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects open hardware wikipedia pdf companies, such as OpenCores, RepRap 3D printingArduino, Adafruit and SparkFun.

InPerens reactivated the openhardware. Raymond expressed some concerns about certain aspects wimipedia the OHL and decided to not review the license.

Around in context of the Freedom Defined project, the Open Hardware Definition was created as collaborative work of many[14] and is accepted as of by dozens of organizations and companies.

Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users — including commercial companies — the freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication open hardware wikipedia pdf efforts".

Following the Open Hardware Summit, and after open hardware wikipedia pdf debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned the OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it. FSF's Replicant project suggested in an alternative "free hardware" definition, derived from the FSF's four freedoms.

Forms of open-source hardware The term hardware in open source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term software hardwafe open source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs see previous section. However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source for example Wikihouse, OpenBeam or Hovalinthis term tends to be open hardware wikipedia pdf back in its broader sense of "physical product".

The field of open source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover a larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment. Computers Due to a mixture of privacy, security, and environmental concerns, a number of projects have started that aim to deliver a variety of open-source computing devices.

Several retrocomputing hobby groups have created open hardware wikipedia pdf recreations or adaptations of the early home computers of the s and 80s, some of which include improved functionality and more wukipedia components such as surface-mount ICs pxf SD card readers.

Miniaturised recreations of vintage computers have also been created. Electronics One of the most popular harware of open-source hardware is electronics. There are numerous companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as Sparkfun, Adafruit hardwarr Seeed.

In addition, there are NPOs and companies that provide a specific open-source electronic component such as the Arduino electronics prototyping platform.

There are numerous examples of speciality open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current GMAW open-source 3-D printer monitor[34][35] and a robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay platform. Mecha tro nics A large range of open-source mechatronic products including mechanical components have been developed including machine tools, vehicles, musical instruments and medical equipment.

Later, several new licenses have been proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware designs.

Despite superficial psf to software licenses, most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by open hardware wikipedia pdf, they typically rely more heavily on patent law than on copyright law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable.

The Solderpad License[49] is a version of the Apache License version 2. The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition.

Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. Development The adjective "open-source" open hardware wikipedia pdf only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a wokipedia, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the Internet. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in unpopulated PCB beer",[61] more formally known as Gratis versus Libre, distinguishes between the idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information.

Opeh open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs[62] Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank.

Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as open-source software. Providing clear and detailed product documentation is an essential factor facilitating open hardware wikipedia pdf replication and collaboration in hardware development projects.

Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called open design, open source The Arduino Diecimila, another development[66] or open open hardware wikipedia pdf product development. See here for a hardware design. A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs is the scientific community.

There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware open hardware wikipedia pdf a combination of open-source electronics and 3-D printing.

Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests. Open-source labs A guide has been published Open-Source Lab book by Joshua Pearce on using open-source electronics and 3D wikipedoa to make open-source labs. Today scientists are creating many such labs, examples include:. Business models Open hardware companies are experimenting with different business models. Others may manufacture wikipsdia designs but can't put the Arduino name on them.

Thus they can distinguish their products from others by appellation. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation the photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier open hardware wikipedia pdf completely open-source models.

Recently, many open source hardware projects were funded via crowdfunding on Indiegogo or Kickstarter. Especially popular is Crowd Supply for crowdfunding open hardware projects.

Reception and impact Richard Stallman, the founder of the free software movement, was in skeptical on the idea and relevance of Free hardware his terminology for what is now known as open-source hardware. Other authors, such as Joshua Pearce have argued there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware open hardware wikipedia pdf specifically with respect to open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development.

Pearce in partnership with Elsevier: HardwareX. It has featured numerous examples of applications of open source hardware for scientific purposes.

Find open-source hardware products Wiki;edia ongoing initiatives open hardware wikipedia pdf indexes of open-source hardware products for different purposes:. This directory contains references of more than complex open source hardware products.

See also some specific lists in Wikipedia:. List of open-source hardware projects An autosampler for liquid or gaseous samples based on a Open-source computing hardware microsyringe Open-source car. References 1. Constantine A. Murenin Perens, B. Alicia Gibb Ed. Free Software Foundation Inc. Joshua M. Science and 9. Freeman, D. Theo de Raadt McNamara, P. The Open Source Business Resource Chiu, S.

Robotics-assisted mass spectrometry assay September Defining Open Source. Retrieved hardwaer Chen C. Dual robotic arm Freedom Defined. Open Source Hardware Definition. Urban P. Prabhu G. Ayass, M. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. Bruce Perens, a. Bruce Perens. Thompson, C. Build it. Share it. Can open source hardware w. Work, 10,

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Open hardware.: For companies see Category:Open hardware organizations and companies. Subcategories. This category has the following 14 subcategories, out of 14 total. Following up on the “Let’s Go jHUB” programme, the OPEN HARDWARE GUIDE or #OHG is an outcome of the Open Tech and Repair Skills workshop led by Timm Wille and hosted by the Hive Colab innovation hub in Kampala. As a follow-up to the Open Learning Guide (#OLG) the Open Hardware Guide gives examples of hands-on skills possibilities and projects applying open hardware . HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Computer hardware includes all the electrical, mechanical, and the electronic parts of a computer. Any part that we can see or touch is the hard ware. Computer hardware includes Computer hardware includes 3 System Unit 3 Peripheral devices 3 Input devices i.e. keyboard, mouse etc.

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