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24.05.2021Over 1, examples in various commercial and military variants including the E-3A Sentry AWACS and KC Stratotanker were built over the course of the next three decades, many of which are still in service today. The higher number means 5.
In addition to billowing lots of black smoke, turbojets and low bypass turbofans can also be fitted with an afterburner to create an even more violent combustion of superheated air and fuel. Afterburners are fitted downstream of the engine core and reheat the exhaust gases by dumping fuel into the exhaust stream.
This consumes fuel very quickly, which is why afterburners are usually found on aircraft capable of supersonic flight.
Notably, some advanced aircraft are able to achieve supersonic flight without the use of afterburner. Water injection in aircraft works on the same principle as water injection systems work on turbocharged automotive engines hi, Jalops.
The idea in turbojets and turbofans is to cool down the engine core by spraying de-mineralized water into the incoming charged air. This has the effect of cooling the entire engine core and adding mass to the exhaust, thereby increasing thrust.
Water injection systems are typically used to produce extra thrust at takeoff. Once airborne, the water injection systems are then switched off for the remainder of the flight. The B Stratofortress has developed a reputation for its smoky takeoffs and climbouts.
The Harrier jump jet , which has vertical take off and landing VTOL capability, uses water injection in its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines to increase performance during takeoff. Harriers can carry up to 50 gallons of distilled water, which is enough for approximately 90 seconds of water injected into the combustion chamber.
The display is certainly impressive, but the Jet Planes Release Smoke Example amount of black smoke produced in the exercise is truly a sight to behold. While water injected engines in new aircraft generally fell out of favor years ago, the technology still seems to hold promise in some circles. Different authorities have identified different technology jumps as the key ones, dividing fighter development into different numbers of generations.
Five generations are now widely recognised, with development of a sixth under way. In air historian Richard P. Hallion proposed a classification of jet fighters into six generations up to that time. Taylor and Guilmartin name four; subsonic, transonic, supersonic and Mach 2, and add a fifth "new" generation with multimission capability and culminating in types such as the F and MiG In Aerospaceweb listed one such division into five generations.
The exact criteria for the various generation steps are not universally agreed and are subject to some controversy. For example Lockheed Martin has applied the term "fifth generation" to its F and F aircraft, but this has been challenged by its competitors Eurofighter and Boeing IDS.
Five generations are now commonly recognized, with the fifth representing the latest generation in service as of Future types at an early stage of development are expected to have even further enhanced capabilities and have come to be known as a sixth generation. The rest of this article broadly follows the analysis of Baker. The earliest jet fighters appeared during and after the last years of World War II. The Heinkel He and Gloster Meteor also saw wartime service, while types such as the de Havilland Vampire and Lockheed F were still working up to operational service when the war ended.
Introduction of the swept wing allowed transonic speeds to be reached, but controllability was often limited at such speeds. These aircraft were typically aimed at the air-superiority interceptor role. The Hawker Hunter appeared too late for the war but was widely used and took part in several later ones.
The Korean War of forced a major rethink. Guns proved unsuitable at such high speeds, while the need for multirole capability in battlefield support was rediscovered. Interceptor types emerging after the war made use of afterburning engines to give Mach 2 performance, while radar and infrared homing missiles greatly improved their accuracy and firepower. Many types were soon compromised by adaptations for battlefield support roles and some of these would persist in new variants for multiple generations.
The next generation of fighters were designed from the start to be multirole. They were expected to carry a wide range of weapons and other ordnance such as air-to-ground missiles and laser-guided bombs, while also able to engage in air-to-air interception beyond visual range.
Their supporting avionics included pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting and terrain-warning systems. Black smoke trails such as this were more common during the 20th century. Advancements in aerospace engineering now allow for a more complete and efficient combustion process, reducing the risk of black smoke trails. Comparison of the 5 Classes of AN Connectors.
Condensation in Exhaust Gases The reason airplanes leave a white smoke trail in their wake is because their exhaust gases contain moisture that condenses at high altitudes. Incomplete Combustion Most airplanes leave behind a white smoke trail, though some may leave behind a black smoke trail.
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