GRASP - general responsibility assignment software patterns — общие шаблоны распределения ответственностей. GRASP шаблоны, используемые в объектно-ориентированном проектировании для решения общих задач по назначению ответственностей классам и объектам. Существует девять GRAPS шаблонов, изначально описанных в книге Крейга Лармана «Применение UML и шаблонов проектирования». В отличие от классических читателю паттернов из Банды Четырех, GRAPS паттерны не имеют выраженной структуры, четкой области применения и конкретной решаемой проблемы, а лишь представляют собой обобщенные подходы/рекомендации/. Redefine learning with smart hand grasps found only at - Discover a mind-blowing stock of inexpensive hand grasps sold by trusted, premium suppliers.  Performing Strictly Quality Control With professional engineering and sales teams, and strictly quality control system, we have been satisfying our customers and wining a good reputation in the world market. 1/4. colorful three hole TPU coating Hand grasp barbell plate. $$/ Kilogram. 1 Kilogram(Min. Pianimals: a children's piano method by Alan Fraser's that works with the hand developmentally. Feldenkrais lessons address the underlying components of human movement; Fraser does the same for piano movements. The 30 chapters have compositions related to each exercise.  2nd, Lean ‘Arm Thumb’ To Inside 22 Whip the Arm to Smear a Scale 23 Overholding 24 Rotation 25 Springboard Launch 26 Forte Is “Up” 27 Grow the Hand in Octaves 28 Creeping & Cliffhanging 29 Rock-A-Bye-Body Piano technique, children’s piano method, pianimals, craft of piano, classical piano, piano school, piano lessons, piano studio, Feldenkrais and piano, piano somatics. When facing a tightly packed group, Doomfist leaps out of view, then crashes down to earth with a spectacular Meteor Strike. Thus interrupting herself, the housekeeper rose, and proceeded to lay aside her sewing; but I felt incapable of moving from the hearth, and I was very far from nodding. After she's used her grapple, chase her down and finish her off with a Rocket Punch. Type Weapon. I had just fastened our pinafores together, and hung them up for a curtain, when in comes Joseph, on an errand from the stables. They met, and the master, irritated at seeing him clean hand grasps scale up cheerful, or, perhaps, eager to hand grasps scale up his promise to Mrs.

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Adams Most movements that are carried out during day-to-day activity are formed using a continual process of accessing sensory information and using it to more accurately continue the motion. This type of motor control is called feedback control , as it relies on sensory feedback to control movements. Feedback control is a situated form of motor control, relying on sensory information about performance and specific sensory input from the environment in which the movement is carried out.

This sensory input, while processed, does not necessarily cause conscious awareness of the action. Closed loop control [13] is a feedback based mechanism of motor control, where any act on the environment creates some sort of change that affects future performance through feedback. Closed loop motor control is best suited to continuously controlled actions, but does not work quickly enough for ballistic actions.

Ballistic actions are actions that continue to the end without thinking about it, even when they no longer are appropriate. The classical definition from Jack A. The input events for a system exert their influence, the system effects its transformation on the input and the system has an output A traffic light with fixed timing snarls traffic when the load is heavy and impedes the flow when the traffic is light.

The system has no compensatory capability. Some movements, however, occur too quickly to integrate sensory information, and instead must rely on feed forward control. Open loop control is a feed forward form of motor control, and is used to control rapid, ballistic Best Wood For Turning Tool Handles Recipe movements that end before any sensory information can be processed. To best study this type of control, most research focuses on deafferentation studies, often involving cats or monkeys whose sensory nerves have been disconnected from their spinal cords.

Monkeys who lost all sensory information from their arms resumed normal behavior after recovering from the deafferentation procedure. Most skills were relearned, but fine motor control became very difficult. A core motor control issue is coordinating the various components of the motor system to act in unison to produce movement.

The motor system is highly complex, composed of many interacting parts at many different organizational levels. Peripheral neurons receive input from the central nervous system and innervate the muscles.

In turn, muscles generate forces which actuate joints. Getting the pieces to work together is a challenging problem for the motor system and how this problem is resolved is an active area of study in motor control research. In some cases the coordination of motor components is hard-wired, consisting of fixed neuromuscular pathways that are called reflexes.

Reflexes are typically characterized as automatic and fixed motor responses, and they occur on a much faster time scale than what is possible for reactions that depend on perceptual processing.

Some reflex loops are routed solely through the spinal cord without receiving input from Small Hand Saw For Wood 30 the brain, and thus do not require attention or conscious control. Others involve lower brain areas and can be influenced by prior instructions or intentions, but they remain independent of perceptual processing and online control. The simplest reflex is the monosynaptic reflex or short-loop reflex, such as the monosynaptic stretch response.

In this example, Ia afferent neurons are activated by muscle spindles when they deform due to the stretching of the muscle. In the spinal cord, these afferent neurons synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons that regulate the contraction of the same muscle.

As the name and the description implies, monosynaptic reflexes depend on a single synaptic connection between an afferent sensory neuron and efferent motor neuron.

In general the actions of monosynaptic reflexes are fixed and cannot be controlled or influenced by intention or instruction. However, there is some evidence to suggest that the gain or magnitude of these reflexes can be adjusted by context and experience.

Polysynaptic reflexes or long-loop reflexes are reflex arcs which involve more than a single synaptic connection in the spinal cord. These loops may include cortical regions of the brain as well, and are thus slower than their monosynaptic counterparts due to the greater travel time.

However, actions controlled by polysynaptic reflex loops are still faster than actions which require perceptual processing. A motor synergy is a neural organization of a multi-element system that 1 organizes sharing of a task among a set of elemental variables; and 2 ensures co-variation among elemental variables with the purpose to stabilize performance variables. Synergies are learned, rather than being hardwired like reflexes, and are organized in a task-dependent manner; a synergy is structured for a particular action and not determined generally for the components themselves.

Nikolai Bernstein famously demonstrated synergies at work in the hammering actions of professional blacksmiths. The muscles of the arm controlling the movement of the hammer are informationally linked in such a way that errors and variability in one muscle are automatically compensated for by the actions of the other muscles.

These compensatory actions are reflex-like in that they occur faster than perceptual processing would seem to allow, yet they are only present in expert performance, not in novices. In the case of blacksmiths, the synergy in question is organized specifically for hammering actions and is not a general purpose organization of the muscles of the arm.

Often, there are more components involved than are strictly needed for the particular task see "Redundancy" below , but the control of that motor task is distributed across all components nonetheless.

A simple demonstration comes from a two-finger force production task, where participants are required to generate a fixed amount of force by pushing down on two force plates with two different fingers. While the force produced by any single finger can vary, this variation is constrained by the action of the other such that the desired force is always generated.

Co-variation also provides "flexibility and stability" to motor tasks. Considering again the force production task, if one finger did not produce enough force, it could be compensated for by the other. This provides flexibility because it allows for multiple motor solutions to particular tasks, and it provides motor stability by preventing errors in individual motor components from affecting the task itself.

Synergies simplify the computational difficulty of motor control. Coordinating the numerous degrees of freedom in the body is a challenging problem, both because of the tremendous complexity of the motor system, as well as the different levels at which this organization can occur neural, muscular, kinematic, spatial, etc. Because the components of a synergy are functionally coupled for a specific task, execution of motor tasks can be accomplished by activating the relevant synergy with a single neural signal.

Similar to how reflexes are physically connected and thus do not require control of individual components by the central nervous system, actions can be executed through synergies with minimal executive control because they are functionally connected. Beside motor synergies, the term of sensory synergies has recently been introduced.

Synergies are fundamental for controlling complex movements, such as the ones of the hand during grasping. Their importance has been demonstrated for both muscle control and in the kinematic domain in several studies, lately on studies including large cohorts of subjects. While synergies represent coordination derived from peripheral interactions of motor components, motor programs are specific, pre-structured motor activation patterns that are generated and executed by a central controller in the case of a biological organism, the brain.

Motor programs are executed in an open-loop manner, although sensory information is most likely used to sense the current state of the organism and determine the appropriate goals. However, once the program has been executed, it cannot be altered online by additional sensory information.

Evidence for the existence of motor programs comes from studies of rapid movement execution and the difficulty associated with changing those movements once they have been initiated.

For example, people who are asked to make fast arm swings have extreme difficulty in halting that movement when provided with a "STOP" signal after the movement has been initiated. This research suggests that once selection and execution of a motor program begins, it must run to completion before another action can be taken. This effect has been found even when the movement that is being executed by a particular motor program is prevented from occurring at all.

People who attempt to execute particular movements such as pushing with the arm , but unknowingly have the action of their body arrested before any movement can actually take place, show the same muscle activation patterns including stabilizing and support activation that does not actually generate the movement as when they are allowed to complete their intended action. Although the evidence for motor programs seems persuasive, there have been several important criticisms of the theory.

The first is the problem of storage. If each movement an organism could generate requires its own motor program, it would seem necessary for that organism to possess an unlimited repository of such programs and where these would be kept is not clear.

Aside from the enormous memory requirements such a facility would take, no motor program storage area in the brain has yet been identified. The second problem is concerned with novelty in movement. If a specific motor program is required for any particular movement, it is not clear how one would ever produce a novel movement.

At best, an individual would have to practice any new movement before executing it with any success, and at worst, would be incapable of new movements because no motor program would exist for new movements.

These difficulties have led to a more nuanced notion of motor programs known as generalized motor programs. This program is parameterized by the context of the environment and the current state of the organism.

An important issue for coordinating the motor system is the problem of the redundancy of motor degrees of freedom. As detailed in the " Synergies " section, many actions and movements can be executed in multiple ways because functional synergies controlling those actions are able to co-vary without changing the outcome of the action.

This is possible because there are more motor components involved in the production of actions than are generally required by the physical constraints on that action. For example, the human arm has seven joints which determine the position of the hand in the world.

However, only three spatial dimensions are needed to specify any location the hand could be placed in. This excess of kinematic degrees of freedom means that there are multiple arm configurations that correspond to any particular location of the hand.

Markus Oberweger , Graz University of Technology. Dimitrios Tzionas , University of Bonn. Danhang Tang , Imperial College London. Iason Oikonomidis , University of Crete. Hui Liang , Nanyang Technological University. Jonathan Tompson , New York University. Anurag Ranjan, David T. Torr, Shahram Izadi. Contributions welcome! Read the contribution guidelines first. Please feel free to pull requests , open an issue or send me email chenxinghaothu gmail.

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