In programming (and Java in particular), primitives have many advantages: they use little memory (and thus make the program more efficient) and have a clearly delineated range of values.  Hi! You are already well acquainted with primitive types, and have worked quite a bit with them. In programming (and Java in particular), primitives have many advantages: they use little memory (and thus make the program more efficient) and have a clearly delineated range of values. However, while learning Java, we've already often repeated the mantra "everything in Java is an object". But primitives directly contradict those words. They aren't objects. So, is our "everything is an object" principle false? Actually, it's not. In Java, every primitive type has. import - ner; import - ion; import - cs; import - Manager; import - ; import - out; import - n; import - ; import - ; public class BoxLayoutVerticalGlueTest { public static void main(String[] args) { JFrame f = new JFrame("Vertical BoxLayout-managed container"); - aultCloseOperation(- _ON_CLOSE); Container pane = new BoxPanel(); - tentPane(pane); pane. Java Combo Boxes. In this section, you'll see how to use some of the more common controls you can add to a Java form. You'll learn how to use the following: Combo Box Check Box Radio Buttons Text Areas List Box Menus and Menu Items Open File Dialogue boxes Save File Dialogue boxes. We'll start with Combo Boxes. Create a new project for this (Java > Application).  Click back onto your Combo Box to highlight it. Right-click and select Change Variable Name from the menu that appears. Type comboOne as the new name, and then click OK. Change the name of the button in the same way, rename it btnComboBox. Change the text on the button to Get Drop Down Item. Change the name of the Text Field to txtComboBoxItem. The only advantage of 1's complement is that it can be calculated easily, Types Of Latches For Boxes 2016 just by changing 0's into 1's and 1's into 0's. You have two choices. Most GeomLab programs, however, follow relatively simple types of latches Types Of Latches For Boxes Github for boxes java rules. DevOps training in Pune with placement. Software applications are also classified in respect of gypes programming language in which the source code is written or executed, and respect of McCarthy, E.

The flipflop is clocked at every clock cycle and the data path is controlled by an enable. When the enable is Low, the multiplexer feeds the output of the register back on itself. When the enable is High, new data is fed to the flipflop and the register changes its state. Question 5. Answer : Tie one of xor gates input to 1 it will act as inverter. Tie one of xor gates input to 0 it will act as buffer. Question 6.

Answer : The main difference between latch and FF is that latches are level sensitive while FF are edge sensitive. They both require the use of clock signal and are used in sequential logic.

For a latch, the output tracks the input when the clock signal is high, so as long as the clock is logic 1, the output can change if the input also changes. Question 7. Difference Between Heap And Stack?

Think of the Stack as a series of boxes stacked one on top of the next. The Heap is similar except that its purpose is to hold information not keep track of execution most of the time so anything in our Heap can be accessed at any time. With the Heap, there are no constraints as to what can be accessed like in the stack. The Heap is like the heap of clean laundry on our bed that we have not taken the time to put away yet — we can grab what we need quickly.

The Stack is like the stack of shoe boxes in the closet where we have to take off the top one to get to the one underneath it. Question 8. Answer : Mealy and Moore models are the basic models of state machines.

A state machine which uses only Entry Actions, so that its output depends on the state, is called a Moore model. A state machine which uses only Input Actions, so that the output depends on the state and also on inputs, is called a Mealy model.

The models selected will influence a design but there are no general indications as to which model is better. Choice of a model depends on the application, execution means for instance, hardware systems are usually best realized as Moore models and personal preferences of a designer or programmer Mealy machine has outputs that depend on the state and input thus, the FSM has the output written on edges Moore machine has outputs that depend on state only thus, the FSM has the output written in the state itself.

Adv and Disadv. In Mealy as the output variable is a function both input and state, changes of state of the state variables will be delayed with respect to changes of signal level in the input variables, there are possibilities of glitches appearing in the output variables.

Moore overcomes glitches as output dependent on only states and not the input signal level. All of the concepts can be applied to Mooremodel state machines because any Moore state machine can be implemented as a Mealy state machine, although the converse is not true. The outputs are held until you go to some other state Mealy machine:.

Mealy machines give you outputs instantly, that is immediately upon receiving input, but the output is not held after that clock cycle. Question 9. Answer : Common classifications used to describe the state encoding of an FSM are Binary or highly encoded and One hot. A binaryencoded FSM design only requires as many flipflops as are needed to uniquely encode the number of states in the state machine.

The actual number of flipflops required is equal to the ceiling of the logbase2 of the number of states in the FSM.

For a state machine with states, a binary FSM only requires 4 flipflops while a onehot FSM requires a flipflop for each state in the design FPGA vendors frequently recommend using a onehot state encoding style because flipflops are plentiful in an FPGA and the combinational logic required to implement a onehot FSM design is typically smaller than most binary encoding styles.

Question It uses a multiplex scheme to save input pins. Answer : They are used to introduce small delays They are used to eliminate cross talk caused due to inter electrode capacitance due to close routing. They are used to support high fanout,eg:bufg. Answer : This is the basic question that many interviewers ask.

What Is A Multiplexer? Answer : A multiplexer is a combinational circuit which selects one of many input signals and directs to the only output.

What Is A Ring Counter? Answer : A ring counter is a type of counter composed of a circular shift register. The output of the last shift register is fed to the input of the first register. For example, in a 4-register counter, with initial register values of , the repeating pattern is: , , , , , so on. Answer : Synchronous reset logic will synthesize to smaller flip-flops, particularly if the reset is gated with the logic generating the d-input.

But in such a case, the combinational logic gate count grows, so the overall gate count savings may not be that significant. The clock works as a filter for small reset glitches; however, if these glitches occur near the active clock edge, the Flip-flop could go metastable. In some designs, the reset must be generated by a set of internal conditions. A synchronous reset is recommended for these types of designs because it will filter the logic equation glitches between clock.

Problem with synchronous resets is that the synthesis tool cannot easily distinguish the reset signal from any other data signal. Synchronous resets may need a pulse stretcher to guarantee a reset pulse width wide enough to ensure reset is present during an active edge of the clock, if you have a gated clock to save power, the clock may be disabled coincident with the assertion of reset.

Only an asynchronous reset will work in this situation, as the reset might be removed prior to the resumption of the clock. Designs that are pushing the limit for data path timing, can not afford to have added gates and additional net delays in the data path due to logic inserted to handle synchronous resets. Asynchronous reset: The major problem with asynchronous resets is the reset release, also called reset removal. Using an asynchronous reset, the designer is guaranteed not to have the reset added to the data path.

Another advantage favoring asynchronous resets is that the circuit can be reset with or without a clock present. Ensure that the release of the reset can occur within one clock period else if the release of the reset occurred on or near a clock edge Decorative Latches For Boxes 10 then flip-flops may go into metastable state.

What Is A Johnson Counter? Answer : Johnson counter connects the complement of the output of the last shift register to its input and circulates a stream of ones followed by zeros around the ring.

The address bus tells the ROM chip which byte to get and place on the data bus. RAM stands for random-access memory.

RAM contains bytes of information, and the microprocessor can read or write to those bytes depending on whether the RD or WR line is signaled.

One problem with today's RAM chips is that they forget everything once the power goes off. That is why the computer needs ROM. By the way, nearly all computers contain some amount of ROM it is possible to create a simple computer that contains no RAM -- many microcontrollers do this by placing a handful of RAM bytes on the processor chip itself -- but generally impossible to create one that contains no ROM.

When the microprocessor starts, it begins executing instructions it finds in the BIOS. The BIOS instructions do things like test the hardware in the machine, and then it goes to the hard disk to fetch the boot sector see How Hard Disks Work for details. The microprocessor then begins executing the boot sector's instructions from RAM.

The boot sector program will tell the microprocessor to fetch something else from the hard disk into RAM, which the microprocessor then executes, and so on. This is how the microprocessor loads and executes the entire operating system. Even the incredibly simple microprocessor shown in the previous example will have a fairly large set of instructions that it can perform. The collection of Brass Latches For Boxes 01 instructions is implemented as bit patterns, each one of which has a different meaning when loaded into the instruction register.

Humans are not particularly good at remembering bit patterns, so a set of short words are defined to represent the different bit patterns. This collection of words is called the assembly language of the processor. An assembler can translate the words into their bit patterns very easily, and then the output of the assembler is placed in memory for the microprocessor to execute. Here's the set of assembly language instructions that the designer might create for the simple microprocessor in our example:.

A C compiler translates this C code into assembly language. Assuming that RAM starts at address in this processor, and ROM which contains the assembly language program starts at address 0, then for our simple microprocessor the assembly language might look like this:. So now the question is, "How do all of these instructions look in ROM?

For the sake of simplicity, let's assume each assembly language instruction is given a unique number, like this:. You can see that seven lines of C code became 18 lines of assembly language, and that became 32 bytes in ROM. The instruction decoder needs to turn each of the opcodes into a set of signals that drive the different components inside the microprocessor. Let's take the ADD instruction as an example and look at what it needs to do:.

Every instruction can be broken down as a set of sequenced operations like these that manipulate the components of the microprocessor in the proper order. Some instructions, like this ADD instruction, might take two or three clock cycles. Others might take five or six clock cycles. The number of transistors available has a huge effect on the performance of a processor. As seen earlier, a typical instruction in a processor like an took 15 clock cycles to execute.

Because of the design of the multiplier, it took approximately 80 cycles just to do one bit multiplication on the With more transistors , much more powerful multipliers capable of single-cycle speeds become possible. More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining. In a pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might take five clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be five instructions in various stages of execution simultaneously.

That way it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle. Many modern processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own pipeline.

This allows for multiple instruction streams, which means that more than one instruction can complete during each clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement, so it takes lots of transistors.

The trend in processor design has primarily been toward full bit ALUs with fast floating point processors built in and pipelined execution with multiple instruction streams.

The newest thing in processor design is bit ALUs, and people are expected to have these processors in their home PCs in the next decade. There has also been a tendency toward special instructions like the MMX instructions that make certain operations particularly efficient, and the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the processor chip.

All of these trends push up the transistor count, leading to the multi-million transistor powerhouses available today. These processors can execute about one billion instructions per second!

Sixty-four-bit processors have been with us since , and in the 21st century they have started to become mainstream. Sixty-four-bit processors have bit ALUs, bit registers, bit buses and so on.

One reason why the world needs bit processors is because of their enlarged address spaces. However, a 4-GB limit can be a severe problem for server machines and machines running large databases.

And even home machines will start bumping up against the 2 GB or 4 GB limit pretty soon if current trends continue. These features can greatly increase system performance. Servers can definitely benefit from 64 bits, but what about normal users?

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