Twitter home of the Open Source Hardware Association (OSHWA), hosts of the Open Hardware Summit, certification program, and more.  The 10th Anniversary Open Hardware Summit was yesterday! You can watch the entire @ohsummit on YouTube: www.- www.- 0 ответов 4 ретвитов 1 отметка «Нравится». The Open Hardware Summit is for presenting, discussing, and learning about open hardware of all kinds. The summit examines open hardware applications, practices, and theory, ranging from environmental sensors to 3D printable medical devices to open hardware processors and beyond.  I also think the African region is not heavily represented in the association, with the great influence of becoming a board member I will impact the sensitization in my region to bring more people both corporate and individual members to join, give them a platform to certify their hardware designs. I am talking about thousands of hardware developers in the community. Еще до недавнего времени все потуги в области Open Source Hardware исходили либо от любителей, которым не терпится собственными руками заниматься изготовлением различного оборудования и сборкой устройств, либо от индивидуальных профессионалов, которые шутки не шутят, но все так же работают на крупнейшие корпорации, помогая им краудсорсить чьи-то мысли в собственные коммерческие наработки.  Вдохновленные преимуществами свободной разработки, ученые решили попытаться использовать ту же модель с целью развития железа, преимущественно — для сложных систем, вроде того же Коллайдера. Конечно, нельзя ничего.

The open-source model is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open-source appropriate technology[3] and open-source drug discovery. Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.

Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet. Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the open hardware association 7.1 code is available to the general public for use or modification from its original design.

Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community.

Code is released under the terms of a software license. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish open hardware association 7.1 version fork back to the community.

Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundationwhich supports community projects such as the open-source framework Apache Hadoop and the open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP.

The sharing of technical information predates the Internet and the personal computer considerably. For instance, in the early open hardware association 7.1 of automobile development a group of capital monopolists owned the rights to open hardware association 7.1 2-cycle gasoline-engine patent originally filed by George B.

Inindependent automaker Henry Ford won a challenge open hardware association 7.1 the Selden patent. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association which would eventually become the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association was formed. Early instances of the free sharing of source code include IBM 's source releases of its operating systems and other programs in the s and s, and the SHARE user group that formed to facilitate the exchange of software.

This led to the birth of the early Internet in BSDfor example, was first widely distributed by posts to comp. Linux followed in this model. The term "open source" was first proposed by a group of people in the free software movement who were critical of the political agenda and moral philosophy implied in the term "free software" and sought to reframe the discourse to reflect a more commercially minded position.

Peterson open hardware association 7.1 "open source" at a meeting [15] held at Palo Alto, Californiain reaction to Netscape 's announcement in January of a source code release for Navigator. Richard Stallmanthe founder of the free software movement, initially seemed to adopt the term, but later changed his mind. Raymond was especially active in the effort to popularize the new term. He made the first public open hardware association 7.1 to the free software community to adopt it in February The term gained further visibility through an event organized in April by technology publisher Tim O'Reilly.

Open hardware association 7.1 that meeting, open hardware association 7.1 to the term "free software" were discussed. Tiemann argued for "sourceware" as a new term, while Raymond argued for "open source". The assembled developers took a vote, and the winner was announced at a press conference the same evening. Some economists agree that open-source is an information good [21] or "knowledge good" with original work involving a significant amount of time, money, and effort.

The cost of reproducing the work is open hardware association 7.1 enough that additional users may be added at zero or near zero open hardware association 7.1 — this is referred to as the marginal cost of a product. Open hardware association 7.1 creates a monopoly so the price charged to consumers can be significantly higher than the marginal cost of production.

This allows the author to recoup the cost of making the original work. Copyright thus creates access costs for consumers who value the work more than the marginal cost but less than the initial production cost.

Access costs also pose problems for authors who wish to create a derivative work —such as a copy of a software program modified to fix a bug or add a feature, or a remix of a song—but are unable or unwilling to pay the copyright holder for the right to do so. Being organized as effectively a " consumers' cooperative ", open source eliminates some of the open hardware association 7.1 costs of consumers and creators of derivative open hardware association 7.1 by reducing the restrictions of copyright.

Basic economic theory predicts that lower costs would lead to higher consumption and also more frequent creation open hardware association 7.1 derivative works.

Organizations such as Creative Commons host websites where individuals can file for alternative "licenses", or levels of restriction, for their works. Others argue that since consumers do not pay for their copies, creators are unable to open hardware association 7.1 the initial cost of production and thus have little economic incentive to create in the first place.

By this argument, consumers would lose out because some of the goods they would otherwise purchase would open hardware association 7.1 be available. In practice, content producers can choose whether to adopt a proprietary license and charge for copies, or an open license.

Some goods which require large amounts of professional research and development, such as the pharmaceutical industry which depends largely on patentsnot copyright for intellectual property protection are almost exclusively proprietary, although increasingly sophisticated technologies are being developed on open-source principles. There is evidence that open-source development creates enormous value.

RepRap 3D printers can replicate the product for the cost of materials. Many open source projects have a high economic value. The rank given is based on the activity regarding projects in online discussions, on GitHub, on search activity in search engines and on the influence on the labour market. Alternative arrangements have also been shown to result in good creation outside of the proprietary license model. Examples include: [ citation needed ]. Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source.

Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But Eric Raymond and other founders of the open-source movement have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling.

The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen. The open-source movement has inspired increased transparency and liberty in biotechnology research, for example CAMBIA [28] Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.

Open-source software is software which source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees. These communities are composed of individual programmers open hardware association 7.1 well as large companies.

Some of the individual programmers who start an open-source project may end up establishing companies offering products or services incorporating open-source programs. Open-source hardware is hardware which initial specification, usually in a software format, is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the hardware and source code without paying royalties or fees.

Open-source hardware evolves through community cooperation. Examples of open-source hardware initiatives are:. Some publishers of open-access journals have argued that data from food science and gastronomy studies should be freely available to aid reproducibility. An open-source robot is a robot whose blueprints, schematics, or source code are released under an open-source model.

The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is often copyrightedand restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright particularly in the United States open hardware association 7.1 penalties, such as those articulated in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCAplaced on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.

Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under fair-use doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines creates an atmosphere of uncertainty among open hardware association 7.1 Open Hardware Association 3d practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners create what some call a " chilling effect open hardware association 7.1 among cultural practitioners.

The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to " Free Culture ," but is substantively different. Free culture is a term derived from the free software movementand in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source culture OSC maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers.

Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument open hardware association 7.1 OSC takes into account diverse goods as in "the Good life" and ends.

Sites such as open hardware association 7.1 offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their work under a Creative Commons license. The resulting cultural product is then available to download free generally accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.

Through various technologies such as peer-to-peer networks and blogscultural producers can take advantage of vast social networks to distribute their products.

As opposed open hardware association 7.1 traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the Internet can be virtually costless. Open hardware association 7.1 philosopher Richard Kearney has used the term "open-source Hinduism" to refer to the way historical figures such as Mohandas Gandhi and Swami Vivekananda worked upon this ancient tradition. Open-source journalism formerly referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, reflecting open-source open hardware association 7.1a similar term used in military intelligence circles.

Now, open-source journalism commonly refers to forms of innovative publishing of online journalismrather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist. In the 25 December issue of TIME magazine this open hardware association 7.1 referred to as user created content and listed alongside more traditional open-source projects such as OpenSolaris and Linux.

Weblogsor blogs, are another significant platform for open-source culture. Blogs consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology open hardware association 7.1 makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or file transfer required.

While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such as LiveJournal or WordPressutilize open-source software that is open to the public and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not, this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture; whereas traditional websites made open hardware association 7.1 illegal reproduction of culture difficult to regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in the public sphere.

Messageboards are another platform for open-source culture. Messageboards also known open hardware association 7.1 discussion boards or forumsare places online where people with similar interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community standards of etiquette such as banning spammers.

Other common board features are private messages where users can send messages to one another as well as chat a way to have a real time conversation online and image uploading. Some messageboards use phpBBwhich is a free open-source package. Where blogs are more about individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are about creating a conversation amongst its open hardware association 7.1 where information can be shared freely and quickly.

Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from everyday life—for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other open hardware association 7.1 of advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD.

By removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information and exchange of ideas. OpenDocument is an open document file format for saving and exchanging editable open hardware association 7.1 documents such as text documents including memos, reports, and booksspreadsheetscharts, and presentations.

Organizations and individuals that store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being locked into a single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes their licensing terms to something less favorable. Open-source movie production is either an open call system in which a changing crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the end result is made available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open-source products are used in the production.

The movie Elephants Dream is said to be the "world's first open movie", [77] created entirely using open-source technology.

An open-source documentary film open hardware association 7.1 a production process allowing the open contributions of archival material footageand other filmic elements, both in unedited and edited form, similar to crowdsourcing.

By doing so, on-line contributors become part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual material to be used in the documentary, open hardware association 7.1 well as its thematic development.

The first open-source documentary film is the non-profit " The American Revolution ", which went into development inand will examine the role media played in the cultural, social and political changes from to through the story of radio station WBCN-FM in Boston. Open Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada.

It can also refer to a method of film-making where the process of creation is 'open' i. Open-IPTV uses the Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources together to create an online community that all contributes to a show. Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be called the "intellectual commons" analogous to the Creative Commons.

* Scope. This standard regulates the installation and maintenance of assemblies and devices used to protect openings in walls, floors, and ceilings against the spread of fire and smoke within, into, or out of buildings. A See Annex K for general information about fire doors. * With the exception of fabric fire safety curtain assemblies, this standard addresses assemblies that have. Jan 01,  · The open-source hardware association (OSHWA) defines open-source hardware in its Statement of Principles and Definition as: “hardware whose design is made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware’s source, the design from which it is. Larger hardware stores may sell small amounts of building supplies including lumber, flooring, roofing materials and fencing. Such stores are often referred to as home-improvement centers or home centers.. There may be fewer hardware stores in the U.S. now than in years past, but according to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were still 14, hardware stores in the U.S. in , employing on.

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