Open hardware Open Source Hardware Projects 2020 Google companies are experimenting with business models. Nosrat and I. Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so. A guide has been published Open-Source Lab book by Joshua Pearce on using open-source electronics and 3D printing to make open-source labs. Examples open hardware vs open source hardware 2020 open source medical equipment include open-source ventilatorsthe echostethoscope echOpen and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et. View all.

Open source hardware licenses generally permit recipients of the designs and documentations to study Open Source Hardware Projects 2020 Update them, redistribute and modify them, and then to distribute any modifications. Additionally, open hardware licenses don't prevent someone from giving away or even selling the project's documentation.

Like software, hardware designs and inventions are subject to copyright and patent law. And like open source software, open source hardware uses these intellectual property laws creatively to make hardware designs publicly accessible. Because of their similarity to open source software projects, many open hardware projects simply use existing free and open source software licenses when licensing their works. Others use the Creative Commons By Attribution licenses , which are more focused on the features of works of art, as opposed to software.

Both copyright law in the case of source code and design documentation and patent law in the case of design processes and material technologies apply to open hardware. Trademark law is also pertinent to the branding names and logos of Open Source Hardware Projects 2020 Android open hardware. All open hardware must be accompanied by documentation, including design files and source code. In addition, the license governing the reproduction of open hardware must allow modification and distribution of those design files in a way that allows others to easily obtain them.

This makes possible—and even encourages—studying, troubleshooting, modifying, and improving open hardware. If a piece of open hardware incorporates software of any kind, then that software should generally be released under an approved open source license.

Alternatively, the open hardware's interfaces should be documented in a way that makes writing open source software for the hardware as easy as possible. Essentially, open hardware is all about making the object as easy to remix and reproduce as possible. Closed hardware uses obfuscation and patent law to make the recreation of the objects as difficult as possible, usually to ensure vendor lock-in in a supply line that doesn't involve hobbyists and makers or other competitors.

Because open hardware projects usually result in the production or prototyping of a physical object, they almost always involve monetary investment for physical materials. While open software projects do involve labor costs and monetary investment, software can typically be distributed with lower overhead and is sometimes offered "free as in beer" or "gratis". Aside from offering documentation and source files to the public for no cost, it's not financially feasible for most open hardware projects' physical components to be offered gratis.

This doesn't mean that the open hardware movement isn't focused on minimizing cost for developers. It makes it much easier to tweak a device by cutting wires, plugging in additional components and so on. If the benefits of open hardware sound a lot like the ones you get from open source software, it's because they are. And the relationship between open hardware and open source software is not incidental. As a conscious movement, open hardware dates to the late s, when Bruce Perens announced an open hardware certification program that had the backing of a number of industry partners most of them were companies that sold Linux hardware, software or support services.

Less than a year later, Perens was also one of the figures who helped launch the open source software movement properly defined. Yet in practice, open hardware goes back much further. Like open source code, open hardware specifications were the default during the first decades of computing.

At that time, when many programs were written in assembly code and software was much less portable than it is today, intricate knowledge of hardware was essential for writing software. That meant that companies that manufactured hardware were much more forthcoming than they generally are today with hardware documentation.

The shift toward closed-source software starting in the early s, combined with the standardization of basic hardware platforms like the IBM PC and the adoption of cross-platform programming languages such as C, made hardware specifications less important. For the most part, programmers no longer needed to know lots of details about hardware specifications in order to write code for a particular platform. As long as you wrote for the PC, your code would run on most computers.

And when hardware-specific software was required, companies could release it in closed-source form, which did not require them to give away details about the hardware.

Closed hardware remained the norm as the PC age gave way to the era of mobile devices and the cloud. For the most part, only tinkerers and DIYers had reason to wish hardware were more open. For ordinary users, open hardware has not traditionally offered many advantages.

But open hardware is poised to assume more importance going forward. This is due in part to the influence of open source software, which has now become predominant. As organizations come to expect all software source code to be open in order to maximize interoperability, it's only natural for them to think the same way about hardware. Open hardware will also matter on the IoT, for two main reasons. The first involves security and privacy. While worries about snooping webcams on PCs may be overblown, demands for privacy assurances will reach new magnitudes when IoT devices surround consumers and collect all sorts of personal information.

Companies that build IoT solutions based on open hardware will be able to make privacy promises that others can't. Open hardware will also help to drive IoT adoption by creating a foundation for building low-cost, portable IoT solutions. In other words, open hardware platforms, like Arduino , will do for IoT what open source software platforms, like Linux and Apache, did for the Web by providing a convenient, accessible, cost-efficient basis on which to deploy products in a new ecosystem.

Last but not least, the Open Source Hardware Projects 2020 Time software-defined revolution is likely to increase demand for open source hardware. That's because software-defined solutions abstract functions like networking and storage infrastructure from the underlying devices, making hardware itself less valuable.

Organizations will have no need for expensive, proprietary network switches or storage arrays when such hardware cannot do anything that can't be done in software alone.

Against this backdrop, open hardware solutions will become more valuable not only because they are likely to be inexpensive, but also because open specifications maximize the ability of programmers to take advantage of hardware features when optimizing software-defined solutions. My biggest barrier was actually getting some agreement on a licensing method for product that protects the collaborative community from commercial poaching.

If anyone has any thoughts please post. Still think simple low Still think simple low voltage SMPS are the perfect low cost powerline comms mechanism. The exact same components of extremely low cost Switching can impose a low frequency data signal that can go to extremely low cost end nodes.

That was one but always wanted to get some SMPS guys involved.

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