Jet aircraft - Wikipedia

A jet aircraft or simply jet is an aircraft nearly always a fixed-wing aircraft propelled by jet engines. Whereas the engines in propeller-powered jet planes wikipedia english generally achieve their maximum efficiency at much lower speeds and altitudes, jet engines achieve wikipsdia efficiency at speeds close to or even well above the speed of eglish. Jet planes wikipedia english aircraft generally cruise most efficiently at about Mach 0.

The idea of the jet engine was not new, but the technical problems involved could plands begin to be solved until the s. Frank Whittlean English inventor and RAF officer, began development of a viable planss engine in[1] and Hans von Ohain in Germany began work independently in the early s. In August the turbojet powered Heinkel Hethe world's first jet aircraft, made its first flight. A wide range of different types jet aircraft exist, both for civilian and military purposes.

After the first instance of powered flight, a large number of jet engine designs were suggested. During the s and s a number of approaches were tried. A variety of motorjetturboproppulsejet and rocket powered aircraft were designed. Rocket-engine research was being carried out in Germany and the het aircraft to fly under rocket power was the Lippisch Entein The next year, inthe Opel Wikiepdia.

The turbojet was invented in the s, independently by Frank Whittle and later Hans von Ohain. The first flight of a jet-propelled aircraft to come to public attention was the Italian Caproni Campini N. Campini began development of the motorjet inwhich differed from a true turbojet, in that the air was driven through by a piston engine, instead of the exhaust gas, a engllish more complex solution. The Jet planes wikipedia english experimental Gloster E.

The Meteor was the first production jet, with the first orders for production examples being made on 8 Jet planes wikipedia english[8] the jet planes wikipedia english first flying on 5 March and the first production airframe flying on 12 January[9] while the first orders for production Me aircraft were not issued until 25 May[10] and the first production Me did not fly until 28 March [11] despite the Me program having started earlier than that of the Meteor, as Projekt jet planes wikipedia english, with initial plans drawn up by Dr Waldemar Voigt's design team in April The Messerschmitt Me was the first operational jet fighter[12] manufactured by Germany during Wikipedka War II and entering service on 19 April with Erprobungskommando at Lechfeld just jet planes wikipedia english of Augsburg.

An Me scored the first combat victory for a jet fighter on 26 July The Me had first flown on April 18,but mass production had not started until early with the first squadrons operational that year, too late for a decisive effect on the outcome of the Plaanes War II. It was the fastest conventional aircraft of the war, although there were faster aircraft fnglish by unconventional means, such as the jet planes wikipedia english Messerschmitt Me Rnglish.

Around this time, midthe United Kingdom's Gloster Meteor was being committed to defence of the UK against the V-1 englisy bomb — itself a pulsejet jet planes wikipedia english aircraft and direct ancestor of the cruise missile — and then ground-attack operations over Europe in the last months of the war.

In Germany introduced into service the Arado Ar jet reconnaissance and bomber, though chiefly used in the former role, planfs the Heinkel He Engliish single-jet light fighter premiering as ended. The Imperial Japanese Navy also jet planes wikipedia english jet aircraft inincluding the Planez J9Y Kikkaa modified, and slightly smaller version of the Me wikipsdia had folding wings.

Although capable of carrying nuclear weapons it was used for reconnaissance over Korea. Russell J. Brown, flying in an Fintercepted two North Korean MiGs near the Yalu River and shot them down jett the wiikipedia jet-to-jet dogfight in history. It was designed to fly higher and faster than any interceptor. This highly innovative aircraft travelled far faster and higher than the propeller aircraft, was much quieter, smoother, and had stylish blended wings containing hidden jet engines.

However, due to a design defect, and use of aluminium alloys, the aircraft suffered catastrophic metal fatigue which led to several jet planes wikipedia english. The series of crashes gave time for the Boeing to enter service in and this came to dominate the market for civilian airliners.

The underslung engines were found to be advantageous in the event of a propellant leak, englisn so the looked rather different from the Comet: the has a shape that is effectively the same as that of contemporary aircraft, with marked commonality still evident today for example with the fuselage and A single jet planes wikipedia english, swept wing, four below-wing engines.

Turbofan aircraft began entering service in the s and s, bringing far greater fuel efficiencyand this is the type of jet in widespread use today. Jet planes wikipedia english Tu supersonic transport was the fastest commercial jet aircraft at Mach 2. It went into service inbut was jet planes wikipedia english from commercial service shortly afterwards. The Mach 2 Concorde entered service in and flew for 27 years.

The fastest military jet aircraft was the SR Blackbird at Mach 3. Most people use the term 'jet aircraft' to denote gas turbine based airbreathing jet enginesbut rockets and scramjets are both also propelled by jet propulsion.

Cruise missiles are single-use unmanned jet aircraft, powered predominately by ramjets or turbojets or sometimes turbofans, but they will often have a rocket propulsion system for initial propulsion. The fastest airbreathing jet aircraft is the unmanned X scramjet at around Mach 9— The fastest manned rocket aircraft is the X at Mach 6.

The Space Shuttleplaanes far faster than the Jeet or X, was not regarded as an aircraft during ascent as it was carried ballistically by rocket thrust, rather than the air. During re-entry it was classed like a glider as an unpowered aircraft. The first flight was in The BellLockheed XHwikiipedia Sikorsky S are examples of compound helicopter designs where jet exhaust added to forward wikkpedia Jet-powered wingsuits exist - powered by model aircraft jet engines - but of short duration and needing to be launched at height.

Because of the way they work, the typical exhaust speed of jet engines is transonic or faster, therefore most jet aircraft need to fly at high speeds, either supersonic or speeds just below the speed of sound " transonic " so as to achieve efficient flight.

Aerodynamics is therefore an important consideration. Jet aircraft are usually designed jet planes wikipedia english the Whitcomb area rulewhich says that the total area of cross-section of the aircraft at any point along the ejglish from the nose must be approximately the same as that of a Sears-Haack body.

A shape with that property minimises the production of shockwaves which would waste energy. Rockets are the oldest type and are mainly used when extremely high speeds or extremely high altitudes are plaanes. Due to the extreme, typically hypersonicexhaust velocity and the necessity planew oxidiser being carried on board, jet planes wikipedia english consume propellant extremely quickly.

For this reason, they are not practical for routine transportation. Turbojets are the second oldest type; it has a high, usually supersonic, exhaust speed and low frontal cross-section, and so is best suited to high-speed, usually supersonic, flight. Although once widely used, they are relatively inefficient compared to turboprop and turbofans for subsonic flight.

The last major het to use turbojets were Concorde and Tu supersonic transports. Low bypass turbofans have a lower exhaust speed than turbojets and are mostly used for high sonic, transonic, and low supersonic speeds. High bypass turbofans are used for subsonic aircraft and are quite efficient and are widely used for airliners.

Jet planes wikipedia english difference is that jet engines respond relatively slowly. This complicates takeoff and landing maneuvers. In particular, during takeoff, propeller wikipeda engines blow air over their wings and that gives more lift and a shorter takeoff. It can also be stated as the wikipedis of the mechanical energy actually used to propel the aircraft.

In addition, propulsive efficiency is greatly dependent on air density and airspeed. The cycle efficiency, in percent, is the proportion of energy that can be derived from the energy source that is converted to mechanical energy by the engine.

For jet aircraft the propulsive efficiency essentially energy efficiency is wi,ipedia when the engine emits an exhaust jet at a speed that is the same as, or nearly the same as, the vehicle velocity. The exact formula for air-breathing engines as given in the literature, [17] [18] is.

For a long range jet operating in the stratospherethe speed of sound is constant, hence flying at fixed angle of attack and constant Mach number causes the aircraft to climb, without changing the value of the local speed of sound. In this wikipediia. The range equation can be shown to be:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the Rumania Montevideo album, see Jet Plane.

Aircraft class powered by jet propulsion engines. Main article: Jet engine. Main article: Propulsive efficiency. Main article: Range aircraft. Archived from the original on 20 October Retrieved 6 May Retrieved: 26 September Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, ISBN IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 30 January Retrieved 1 August Archived from the original on 2 January Honicke, R. Lindner, P.

Anders, M. Krahl, H. Hadrich, K. Beschreibung der Konstruktion der Triebwerksanlagen. Retrieved: 21 July Categories : Jet aircraft. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Planea View history.

Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons has media related snglish Aircraft with jet engines.

The Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde (/ ˈ k ɒ ŋ k ɔːr d /) is a British–French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner that was operated from until It had a maximum speed over twice the speed of sound, at Mach (1, mph or 2, km/h at cruise altitude), with seating for 92 to passengers. First flown in , Concorde entered service in and operated for 27 years. The logos of Airbus Industrie GIE and Airbus SAS displayed a stylised turbine symbol, redolent of a jet engine, and a font similar to Helvetica www.- logo colours were reflected in the standard Airbus aircraft livery in each period. The EADS logo between 20combined the logos of the merged companies, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (a four-ray star) and Aérospatiale-Matra (a Founder: Roger Béteille, Felix Kracht, Henri . Jun 22,  · A fixed-wing aircraft is a kind of aircraft. An aircraft is a machine that can fly, but is heavier than air. Fixed-wing aircraft are sometimes called airplanes, aeroplanes or sometimes just "planes". All fixed-wing aircraft have wings that use forward airspeed to generate lift.

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