Refuelling Area Looking at the route jet planes waiting in the air to be refuelled word proposed, the closest airfield would probably be in Alaska, at least km away. Once airborne, the Blackbird would accelerate to supersonic speed using afterburners to facilitate structural heating and expansion. The "flying" boom is so named because flight control surfacessmall movable airfoils that are often in a V-tail configuration, are used to move the boom by creating aerodynamic forces. Alternatively, some helicopters equipped with a probe extending out the front can be refueled from a drogue-equipped tanker aircraft in a similar manner to fixed-wing aircraft by matching a high forward speed for a helicopter to a slow speed for the fixed-wing tanker. View offers.

Happy landings. Happy hunting. Over and out. The aircraft covered a distance of nearly 8,km from France to India. He led the complex negotiations for the Rafale deal. The new fighters — the first imported jets to be inducted into the Jet Planes Waiting In The Air To Be Refuelled Youtube IAF in 23 years after the Russian Sukhoi jets entered service in June — will significantly enhance the offensive capabilities of IAF, which has for long planned to update its fighter jet force.

The jets -- the Jet Planes Waiting In The Air To Be Refuelled Chord first of the 36 Rafale jets purchased from French firm Dassault in a government-to-government deal worth Rs 59, crore in September -- have been specially tailored for IAF.

The Rafale will be armed with Meteor beyond visual range air-to-air missiles, Mica multi-mission air-to-air missiles and Scalp deep-strike cruise missiles weapons that will allow fighter pilots to attack air and ground targets from standoff ranges and fill a significant capability gap.

Sign in Hi, Sign out. Home India News Cities. PTI india news. If the receiving aircraft approaches the outer limits of the envelope, the boom operator will command the receiver pilot to correct his position and disconnect the boom if necessary. When the desired amount of fuel has been transferred, the two aircraft disconnect and the receiver aircraft departs the formation.

When not in use, the boom is stored flush with the bottom of the tanker's fuselage to minimize drag. The US Air Force fixed-wing aircraft use the flying boom system, along with countries operating F or F variants. The probe-and-drogue refueling method employs a flexible hose that trails from the tanker aircraft. The drogue or para-drogue , sometimes called a basket , is a fitting resembling a shuttlecock , attached at its narrow end like the "cork" nose of a shuttlecock with a valve to a flexible hose.

The drogue stabilizes the hose in flight and provides a funnel to aid insertion of the receiver aircraft probe into the hose. The receiver has a probe , which is a rigid, protruding or pivoted retractable arm placed on the aircraft's nose or fuselage to make the connection. Most modern versions of the probe are usually designed to be retractable, and are retracted when not in use, particularly on high speed aircraft. At the end of the probe is a valve that is closed until it mates with the drogue's forward internal receptacle, after which it opens and allows fuel to pass from tanker to receiver.

The valves in the probe and drogue that are most commonly used are to a NATO standard and were originally developed by the company Flight Refuelling Limited in the UK and deployed in the late s and s. The NATO standard probe system incorporates shear rivets that attach the refueling valve to the end of the probe.

A so-called "broken probe" actually a broken fuel valve, as described above may happen if poor flying technique is used by the receiver pilot, or in turbulence. Sometimes the valve is retained in the tanker drogue and prevents further refueling from that drogue until removed during ground maintenance.

A "buddy store" or "buddy pod" is an external pod loaded on an aircraft hardpoint that contains a hose and drogue system HDU. In other cases, using the buddy store method allows a carrier -based aircraft to take-off with a heavier than usual load, the aircraft then being topped-up with fuel from an HDU-equipped "buddy" tanker, a method previously used by the Royal Navy in operating its Supermarine Scimitar , de Havilland Sea Vixen and Blackburn Buccaneers , in the Buccaneer's case using a bomb-bay-mounted tank and HDU.

The pilot of the receiver aircraft extends the probe if required and uses normal flight controls to "fly" the refueling probe directly into the basket. Too little closure will cause an incomplete connection and no fuel flow or occasionally leaking fuel. Too much closure is dangerous because it can trigger a strong transverse oscillation in the hose, severing the probe tip. Another significant danger is that the drogue may hit the recipient aircraft and damage it—instances have occurred in which the drogue has shattered the canopy of a fighter aircraft, causing great danger to its pilot.

The optimal approach is from behind and below not level with the drogue. Because the drogue is relatively light typically soft canvas webbing and subject to aerodynamic forces, it can be pushed around by the bow wave of approaching aircraft, exacerbating engagement even in smooth air. After initial contact, the hose and drogue is pushed forward by the receiver a certain distance typically, a few feet , and the hose is reeled slowly back onto its drum in the HDU. This opens the tanker's main refueling valve allowing fuel to flow to the drogue under the appropriate pressure assuming the tanker crew has energized the pump.

Tension on the hose is aerodynamically 'balanced' by a motor in the HDU so that as the receiver aircraft moves fore and aft, the hose retracts and extends, thus preventing bends in the hose that would cause undue side loads on the probe. Fuel flow is typically indicated by illumination of a green light near the HDU. If the hose is pushed in too far or not far enough, a cutoff switch will inhibit fuel flow, which is typically accompanied by an amber light.

Disengagement is commanded by the tanker pilot with a red light. The U. Navy , Marine Corps , and some Army aircraft refuel using the "hose-and-drogue" system, as well as most Western-European aircraft.

The tanker boom operator holds the boom in a static position, while the receiver aircraft then flies the probe into the basket. Unlike the soft canvas basket used in most drogue systems, the adapter units use a steel basket, grimly known as the "iron maiden" by naval aviators because of its unforgiving nature.

Soft drogues can be contacted slightly off center, wherein the probe is guided into the hose receptacle by the canvas drogue. The metal drogue, when Jet Planes Waiting In The Air To Be Refuelled Sum contacted even slightly off center, will pivot out of place, potentially "slapping" the aircraft's fuselage and causing damage.

The other major difference with this system is that when contacted, the hose does not "retract" into an HDU. Instead, the hose bends depending on how far it is pushed toward the boom. If it is pushed too far, it can loop around the probe or nose of the aircraft, damage the windscreen, or cause contact with the rigid boom. If not pushed far enough, the probe will disengage, halting fueling.

When fueling is complete, the receiver carefully backs off until the probe refueling valve disconnects from the valve in the basket. Some tankers have both a boom and one or more complete hose-and-drogue systems.

Both are on the aircraft centerline at the tail of the aircraft, so only one system can be used at once. However, such a system allows all types of probe- and receptacle-equipped aircraft to be refueled in a single mission, without landing to install an adapter.

In this method, similar to the probe-and-drogue method but more complicated, the tanker aircraft released a flexible hose from its wingtip. An aircraft, flying beside it, had to catch the hose with a special lock under its wingtip. After the hose was locked, and the connection was established, the fuel was pumped. Some historic systems used for pioneering aerial refueling used the grappling method, where the tanker aircraft unreeled the fuel hose and the receiver aircraft would grapple the hose midair, reel it in and connect it so that fuel can be transferred either with the assistance of pumps or simply by gravity feed.

This was the method used on the Question Mark endurance flight in The probe-and-drogue system is not compatible with flying boom equipment, creating a problem for military planners where mixed forces are involved.

The potential cost of converting FAs to probe-and-drogue refueling as is used on U. These concerns can be addressed by drogue adapters see section "Boom drogue adapter units" above that allow drogue aircraft to refuel from boom-equipped aircraft, and by refuelers which are equipped with both drogue and boom units and can thus refuel both types in the same flight, such as the KC, MPRS KC, or Airbus A MRTT.

The development of the KC and Boeing KC Stratotankers was pushed by the Cold War requirement of the United States to be able to keep fleets of nuclear -armed B Stratojet and B Stratofortress strategic bombers airborne around-the-clock either to threaten retaliation against a Soviet strike for mutual assured destruction , or to bomb the U.

The bombers would fly orbits around their assigned positions from which they were to enter Soviet airspace if they received the order, and the tankers would refill the bombers' fuel tanks so that they could keep a force in the air 24 hours a day, and still have enough fuel to reach their targets in the Soviet Union. This also ensured that a first strike against the bombers' airfields could not obliterate the U. Valiant tankers of Squadron were used to demonstrate radius of action by refueling a Valiant bomber non-stop from UK to Singapore in and a Vulcan bomber to Australia in Other UK exercises involving refueling aircraft from Valiant tankers included Javelin and Lightning fighters, also Vulcan and Victor bombers.

For instance, in a squadron of Javelin air defense aircraft was refueled in stages from the UK to India and back exercise "Shiksha". These were a fuselage-mounted HDU and a refueling pod on each wing. A byproduct of this development effort and the building of large numbers of tankers was that these tankers were also available to refuel cargo aircraft , fighter aircraft , and ground attack aircraft , in addition to bombers, for ferrying to distant theaters of operations.

This was much used during the Vietnam War , when many aircraft could not have covered the transoceanic distances without aerial refueling, even with intermediate bases in Hawaii and Okinawa. KCs were also frequently used for refueling of air combat missions from air bases in Thailand. Indeed, design considerations of the aircraft made its mission impossible without aerial refueling. These trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic flights during deployment were impossible without aerial refueling.

The SR's designers traded takeoff performance for better high-speed, high-altitude performance, necessitating takeoff with less-than-full fuel tanks from even the longest runways.

Once airborne, the Blackbird would accelerate to supersonic speed using afterburners to facilitate structural heating and expansion. The magnitude of temperature changes experienced by the SR, from parked to its maximum speed, resulted in significant expansion of its structural parts in cruise flight.

To allow for the expansion, the Blackbird's parts had to fit loosely when cold, so loosely, in fact, that the Blackbird constantly leaked fuel before heating expanded the airframe enough to seal its fuel tanks.

Following the supersonic dash, and to stop the fuel leaks, the SR would then rendezvous with a tanker to fill its now nearly empty tanks before proceeding on its mission. LTTR had the added advantage of providing an operational test of the Blackbird's refueling capability within minutes after takeoff, enabling a Return-To-Launch-Site abort capability if necessary. At its most efficient altitude and speed, the Blackbird was capable of flying for many hours without refueling.

Normally, all the fuel aboard a tanker aircraft may be either offloaded, or burned by the tanker as necessary. To make this possible, the KC fuel system incorporated gravity draining and pumps to allow moving fuel from tank to tank depending on mission needs.

Mixing JP-7 with JP-4 or Jet A, however, rendered it unsuitable for use by the SR, so the US Air Force commissioned a specially modified KC variant, the KCQ , which included changes to the fuel system and operating procedures preventing inadvertent inflight mixing of fuel intended for offload with fuel intended for use by the tanker. SR aircraft were refueled exclusively by KCQ tankers. The French strategic Force de dissuasion or Force de frappe strategic nuclear deterrent force uses KC tankers to refuel and extend the range of Mirage N fighter-bombers and, before their retirement, Dassault Mirage IV supersonic bombers which were sometimes planned to operate in pairs, one armed, and one carrying a buddy pack air refueling pod.

Israel has a fleet of Boeing s equipped with a boom refueling system similar to the KC, used to refuel and extend the range of fighter bombers such as the FI and FI for deterrent and strike missions. Tankers are considered "force multipliers", because they convey considerable tactical advantages. Primarily, aerial refueling adds to the combat radius of attack, fighter and bombers aircraft, and allows patrol aircraft to remain airborne longer, thereby reducing the numbers of aircraft necessary to accomplish a given mission.

Aerial refueling can also mitigate basing issues which might otherwise place limitations on combat payload. Combat aircraft operating from airfields with shorter runways must limit their takeoff weight, which could mean a choice between range fuel and combat payload munitions. Aerial refueling, however, eliminates many of these basing difficulties because a combat aircraft can take off with a full combat payload and refuel immediately. Aside from these issues, the psychological advantage of full fuel tanks — and a tanker likely available nearby — gives a pilot a distinct edge in combat.

In most combat situations, speed is a necessity for optimal completion of the mission at hand. As high speeds require fuel, pilots must always balance fuel and speed requirements. Pilots operating aircraft with aerial refueling capability mitigate low-fuel concerns. On July 6, , the first combat air refueling of fighter-type aircraft took place over Korea.

Through in-flight refueling, the RFs effectively doubled their range, which enabled them to photograph valuable targets in North Korea. Besides extending their range, this enabled the Fs and F-4 Phantoms to carry more bombs and rockets.

Tankers were also available for refueling on the way back if necessary. In addition to ferrying aircraft across the Pacific Ocean , aerial refueling made it possible for battle-damaged fighters, with heavily leaking fuel tanks, to hook up to the tankers and let the tanker feed its engine s until the point where they could glide to the base and land.

This saved numerous aircraft. This was particularly useful when a pilot returning from an airstrike was having difficulty landing and was running low on jet fuel. This gave him fuel for more attempts at landing for a successful "trap" on an aircraft carrier. During the Falklands War , aerial refueling played a vital role in all of the successful Argentine attacks against the Royal Navy.

The Hercules on several occasions approached the islands where the Sea Harriers were in patrol to search and guide the A-4s in their returning flights. On one of those flights callsign Jaguar one of the KCs went to rescue a damaged A-4 and delivered 39, lb 18, kg of fuel while carrying it to its airfield at San Julian. However, the Mirage IIIs and Daggers lack of air refueling capability prevented them from achieving better results.

The Mirages were unable to reach the islands with a strike payload, and the Daggers could do so only for a five-minute strike flight. These aircraft aided deployments from the UK to the Ascension Island staging post in the Atlantic and further deployments south of bomber, transport and maritime patrol aircraft.

The most famous refueling missions were the 8, nmi 15, km " Operation Black Buck " sorties which used 14 Victor tankers to allow an Avro Vulcan bomber with a flying reserve bomber to attack the Argentine-captured airfield at Port Stanley on the Falkland Islands. With all the aircraft flying from Ascension, the tankers themselves needed refueling. The raids were the longest-range bombing raids in history until surpassed by the Boeing Bs flying from the States to bomb Iraq in the Gulf War and later B-2 flights.

Aircraft stationed in Saudi Arabia normally maintained an orbit in the Saudi—Iraqi neutral zone , informally known as "Frisbee", and refueled coalition aircraft whenever necessary.

Large Navy strike groups from the Red Sea would send A-6 tankers to the Prune and Raisin tracks ahead of the strike aircraft arriving to top off and take up station to the right of the Air Force tankers thereby providing an additional tanking point.

An additional track was maintained close to the northwest border for the E-3 AWACS aircraft and any Navy aircraft needing emergency fuel.

These hour air-refueling zones helped make the intense air campaign during Operation Desert Storm possible. During the last week of the conflict, KC tankers moved inside Iraq to support barrier CAP missions set up to block Iraqi fighters from escaping to Iran. On January 16—17, , the first combat sortie of Operation Desert Storm, and the longest combat sortie in history, at that time, was launched from Barksdale AFB, Louisiana.

All of this was made possible by in-flight refueling, and by the secret switch away from nuclear warheads on the ALCMs. Besides being larger than the other tankers, the KCA is equipped with the USAF "boom" refueling and also the "hose-and-drogue" system. KCs may be equipped with a drogue depending on the mission profile. In the case of armed conflict, with a full jet fuel load, the KCA is capable of flying from a base on the east coast of the US or Canada, flying nonstop to Europe, transferring a considerable amount of fuel in air-to-air refueling, and then returning to its home base, all without landing anywhere.

This could have been very useful in the Cold War era when numerous European bases would probably have been disabled by Warsaw Pact strikes in Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , France , and the United Kingdom. On their way to the target the Iraqi attack aircraft were refueled by tanker at an altitude of meters. The attack ultimately failed, with two aircraft turning back and the remaining two shot down. Helicopter in-flight refueling HIFR is a variation of aerial refueling when a naval helicopter approaches a warship not necessarily suited for landing operations and receives fuel through the cabin while hovering.

Alternatively, some helicopters equipped with a probe extending out the front can be refueled from a drogue-equipped tanker aircraft in a similar manner to fixed-wing aircraft by matching a high forward speed for a helicopter to a slow speed for the fixed-wing tanker. A mission modified Cessna Skyhawk with a crew of two set the world record for the longest continuous manned flight without landing of 64 days, 22 hours, 19 minutes, and five seconds in by refueling and transferring food and supplies from a convertible top Ford Thunderbird automobile.

The publicity flight for a Las Jet Planes Waiting In The Air To Be Refuelled Game Vegas area hotel ended when the aircraft's performance had degraded to the point where the Cessna had difficulty climbing away from the refueling car. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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