A single-board computer (SBC) is a complete computer built on a single circuit board, with microprocessor(s), memory, input/output (I/O) and other features required of a functional computer. Single-board computers are commonly made as demonstration or development systems, for educational systems, or for use as embedded computer controllers. Many types of home computers or portable computers integrate all their functions onto a single printed circuit board. Unboxing and review of a LattePanda from DF Robot. This single board computer (SBC) comes installed with Windows 10, includes Arduino and Intel GPIO pins. Компьютер на модуле Intel Edison не является одноплатником, но продаётся как часть набора Edison Kit for Arduino. Intel в настоящее время сфокусировалась на Intel Joule, но Edison будет доступен какое-то время. Edison Kit for Arduino от Intel продаётся за $ в Sparkfun и Adafruit. This should get ported to as many architectures as possible. Rikard on April 12, at pm. The generic name for this sort of event is a collision. Hopefully my project will see the light of day. The capacitor can either be charged or discharged; these two states are sinle to represent the two values of a bit, conventionally called 0 and 1.

That project is rapidly evolving. As of version 1. Given a system running a Linux 5. Please read the FAQ for the current status of various features. The default settings will provide the user interface on a HDMI monitor with keyboard and mouse support. If you wish to have output over a serial console please see Section in the FAQ.

The Raspberry Pi foundation provides some nice instructions for image copying using a Mac here. Simply replace any image file references with the name and path of the image downloaded in the step above. The Raspberry Pi foundation provides some nice instructions for image copying using a Windows here.

The root partition is shrunk to the smallest size possible to ensure a small download. You currently need to resize it manually. Ideally we would like this to happen automatically great community project idea! The easiest way to do this is using the arm-image-installer detailed above, otherwise before boot on a Linux system is with gparted:.

The other mechanism for doing it is once you've booted the Raspberry Pi and completed the initial setup to create accounts. There are no special ways or procedures necessary to install or update the software so you just use standard Fedora installation and update mechanisms such as dnf, gnome-software or any of the other GUI update systems as supported in the various desktop environments.

There's a number of different reasons you might get rainbow output on the display when you're trying to boot as Raspberry Pi. The three common ones we see are:. The biggest single support issue is generally not a powerful enough PSU.

The Raspberry Pi 3 Series needs a 2. PSUs that seemingly worked in the past have been seen to cause issues with Fedora due to this. New enhancements will be delivered when, and as soon as, they are ready via the standard Fedora updates mechanism.

For the latter, sometimes the designation OTP was used, standing for "one-time programmable". Because the erasable versions required ceramic packages with quartz windows, they were significantly more expensive than the OTP versions, which could be made in lower-cost opaque plastic packages.

For the erasable variants, quartz was required, instead of less expensive glass, for its transparency to ultraviolet light—to which glass is largely opaque—but the main cost differentiator was the ceramic package itself. Nowadays microcontrollers are cheap and readily available for hobbyists, with large online communities around certain processors. Over two billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in , [13] and according to Semico, over four billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers.

A typical mid-range automobile has about 30 microcontrollers. They can also be found in many electrical devices such as washing machines, microwave ovens, and telephones. Historically, the 8-bit segment has dominated the MCU market [.. The bit MCU market is expected to grow rapidly due to increasing demand for higher levels of precision in embedded-processing systems and the growth in connectivity using the Internet.

Cost has plummeted over time, with the cheapest 8-bit microcontrollers being available for under 0. On 21 June , the "world's smallest computer" was announced by the University of Michigan. The device is a "0. Because they are too small to have conventional radio antennae, they receive and transmit data with visible light. A base station provides light for power and programming, and it receives the data.

A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches, relays , solenoids , LED 's, small or custom liquid-crystal displays , radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc.

Microcontrollers must provide real-time predictable, though not necessarily fast response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine ISR, or "interrupt handler" which will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt, before returning to the original instruction sequence.

Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link.

Where power consumption is important as in battery devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low-power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event.

Typically micro-controller programs must fit in the available on-chip memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable memory.

Compilers and assemblers are used to convert both high-level and assembly language codes into a compact machine code for storage in the micro-controller's memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or it may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory.

Manufacturers have often produced special versions of their micro-controllers in order to help the hardware and software development of the target system. Originally these included EPROM versions that have a "window" on the top of the device through which program memory can be erased by ultraviolet light, ready for reprogramming after a programming "burn" and test cycle.

Other versions may be available where the ROM is accessed as an external device rather than as internal memory, however these are becoming rare due to the widespread availability of cheap microcontroller programmers. The use of field-programmable devices on a micro controller may allow field update of the firmware or permit late factory revisions to products that have been assembled but not yet shipped.

Programmable memory also reduces the lead time required for deployment of a new product. Where hundreds of thousands of identical devices are required, using parts programmed at the time of manufacture can be economical.

These " mask programmed " parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time. A customized micro-controller incorporates a block of digital logic that can be personalized for additional processing capability, peripherals and interfaces that are adapted to the requirements of the application.

GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors, often indirectly, through external power electronics.

Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the analog-to-digital converter ADC. Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a digital-to-analog converter DAC that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels.

In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the programmable interval timer PIT. A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero.

Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on, the heater on, etc.

A dedicated pulse-width modulation PWM block makes it possible for the CPU to control power converters , resistive loads, motors , etc. Micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole.

Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU and external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board, in addition to tending to decrease the defect rate for the finished assembly.

A micro-controller is a single integrated circuit , commonly with the following features:. This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and circuit board space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips.

Furthermore, on low pin count devices in particular, each pin may interface to several internal peripherals, with the pin function selected by software. This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than if pins had dedicated functions. Micro-controllers have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the s.

Some microcontrollers use a Harvard architecture : separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently. Where a Harvard architecture is used, instruction words for the processor may be a different bit size than the length of internal memory and registers; for example: bit instructions used with 8-bit data registers. The comparator will normally switch on when the input is less than the reference.

An example would be in a thermostat. Then input would be given by a thermistor and the reference would come from a variable resistor. This allows the actual switching temperature to be altered. This is usually done by a specific translator program called a compiler. There are compilers for virtually every language on every platform. Those that create code on one platform for use on another are called cross compilers.

Compilers take code written in a particular syntax and usually convert it to binary , machine code instructions. In the case of software, other software that was also compliant to the same set of standards should not conflict with each other. In the case of hardware, software written to be compliant with the hardware standards should work without knowing any more about the hardware. Generally speaking, compliant drivers WORK but may not be as efficient as drivers written specifically for something.

A small binary object or program that performs a specific function and is designed in such a way to easily operate with other components and applications.

Increasingly, the term is being used interchangeably with applet. A part of a device, board or hardware module. A chip, transistor, diode or similar electrical device.

The whole color spectrum can be represented by varying degrees of these three colors. This RGB signal needs to be modified before it can be further processed or broadcast.

The RGB signal has two specific problems associated with it in the professional video world. Firstly, it has a very high bandwidth. Secondly, the color and the black and white picture information are combined within the RGB signal.

The Y component of this signal is the black and white information contained within the original RGB signal. The Pb and Pr signals are color difference signals, which are mathematically calculated from the original RGB signal. For this definition, it is sufficient to understand that the Y signal contains full bandwidth black and white picture information, and the color difference signals contain bandwidth reduced color information.

It is important to realize that component video output and RGB video output are not the same and are not directly compatible with each other; however, they are easily converted either way using a transcoder. Note that transcoders are generally very high end video equipment and are priced at the high end as well.

DVD stores a component video signal in digital format. Since this is the native video format that is stored on DVD, this is also the best format to use to display the picture, if your equipment is capable of dealing with this type of signal. Many DVD players are capable of converting their native component signal to an RGB signal, but this varies on a player-by-player basis.

Unfortunately the great majority of us cannot take advantage of this format. The designers of the DVD format anticipated this, and made allowances for it in the specification. All DVD players are capable of "downconverting" a component video signal into a more suitable format for display on the current generation of consumer display devices.

The first such "downconversion" step is to S-Video, which is a connector that is found on any DVD player. Remember that the component video signal is split into three parts; black and white information Y , and two color difference signals Pb and Pr. The S-Video connection keeps the all-important black and white Y information separate, and combines the color difference signals into a single color signal C.

Instead of three separate signals going to the display device, there are now two separate signals. As you would expect, combining the two color signals results in a degradation of the color information, though more or less minor. Most browsers or mailers allow both online and offline composition. For a given capacity, a composite module will have more chips than a non-composite module. If your display device doesn't have an RGB, component or S-Video input, then the "downconvert" process goes to composite video.

As its name implies, composite video is a single video signal that is a composite of the black and white information Y and the color information C signals. This is the same type of signal that the industry has been using prior to the advent of DVD to connect up our laserdisc players or VCRs. The major problem is, once the color C and the black and white Y information have been put together, they can no longer be perfectly separated due to fundamental design limitations of the two systems.

A technology, pioneered by Phil Katz, that reduces the size of a file. A method of creating additional space on a hard disk. While this generally works satisfactorily, there are complications. Go figure To make a file smaller by applying a compression algorithm, usually for the purpose of conserving space or speeding up file transfers.

This can also refer to the UNIX command to compress a file which appends '. Z' to the filename, '. The act of sampling and reducing a signal for the purposes of saving storage or transmission capacity. Compuserve See CIS. A machine to do calculations and logic decisions. Often used by the geeks and nerds to demonstrate their knowledge of the industry to those that are not familiar with the details of computers.

Such knowledge while a luxury in years past, will be a foundational level skill for today's generation coming through the educational system. Basic computer skills are mandatory. You do not need to be a "nerd" to have basic computer literacy. Each language has a set of commands and functions, called the syntax, that makes the language unique. Most have translators called compilers to convert the language commands to machine commands.

They support and repair most hardware created in the last 35 years. They also design, create and build specialized hardware for situations that require something unique. You are viewing this dictionary on the CSGNetwork site. See About Us. Computing A channel of most online services that features information and discussion on computing and software.

These often have links to sites offering support and drivers to keep equipment and software updated. A device that serves as a point of consolidation of network links so that multiple circuits may share common limited network resources.

Concentrators are also used in local-area networks LAN s to combine transmissions from a cluster of nodes. Also called a MAU, multiplexor , hub or amplifier by industry people. A type of multiplexor that combines multiple channels onto a single transmission medium in such a way that all the individual channels can be simultaneously active. For example, ISPs use concentrators to combine their dial-up modem connections onto faster T1 or T3 lines that connect to the Internet.

They are the opposite of insulators. Also see semi-conductor. The term small group varies from provider to provider. These are commonly used in high traffic areas an in online classes found at specific interest Internet sites or areas of an ISP's service.

When two computers have established a path through which the exchange of information can occur. Often said as connection oriented. A term applied to network architectures and services which require the establishment of an end-to-end, predefined circuit prior to the start of a communications session. Frame relay circuits are examples of connection oriented sessions.

A term used to describe how business is conducted in the computer, telephone and electronics industries. Cells or packets are sent into the connectionless network, and are sent to their destination based on addresses contained within their headers.

A point of junction in an electrical circuit. By mechanical or electrical means, they can be switched, on or off, closed or open. Contacts that when "closed" connect a pair of wires together and disconnects the wires when "open". A doorbell button is a simple example of a momentary contact closure. A slang term for a mechanical relay or a smaller version of the same on a chip. The name for a list of people in various name and address programs.

The thing that sticks to a programmer's eye when he has worked, staring at a screen for 72 hours straight. Competition for resources, whatever they are. The term is used especially in networks to describe the situation where two or more nodes attempt to transmit a message packet across the same wire at the same time.

When it happens, the process is called a collision. Avoidance processes then take place to attempt to get the messages through. A type of network protocol that allows multiple nodes to contend for prioritized network access.

That is, two or more nodes may try to send messages across the network simultaneously. The contention protocol defines what happens when this occurs. The boss. Also good examples would be the network manager, IT manager, sysop and sysadmin.

The lower 7 bit values are the same as the ASCII character set, but 8 bit values map into the European characters differently from other available character sets, including that used within Windows. One unusual and certainly non-conforming thing about ECS is that codes and , which are historically assigned to non-printing control functions such as Carriage Return and Line Feed, are also assigned special graphics for use in situations where control functions are not needed or wanted.

That is how you get happy faces, line-drawing characters, arrows and other special characters in ECS displays, along with sometimes needed European characters.

See our list of converters that we have written, available to you at no cost on this site! Usually, a controller of drives or similar devices is present in every computer. A chart or software program that takes a form or value and shows or transforms it into a different scale or value; a translator of languages.

A hardware device that changes gender or connection options of cables. A hardware device that changes the power connection of a laptop computer; a charger. A slang term for modems. In normal operation, small files that are downloaded to your computer when you browse certain web pages. Cookies hold information that can be retrieved by other web pages on the site.

Some cookies are programmed with an expiration date so that they are automatically deleted after a period of time. Modern browsers allow several choices on accepting cookies. It is a current method of artificial intelligence Also known as sleeping with the enemy. This preventative measure was widely used in the mids but later abandoned by many developers because of numerous customer complaints.

It is "utopian" and similar to JAVA because it is open, vendor-independent architecture and has an infrastructure that computer applications use to work together over networks.

Using the standard protocol IIOP, a CORBA-based program from any vendor, on almost any computer, operating system, programming language, and network, can interoperate with a CORBA-based program from the same or another vendor, on almost any other computer, operating system, programming language, and network. CORBA is touted to be useful in many situations. Because of the easy way that CORBA integrates machines from so many vendors, with sizes ranging from mainframes through minis and desktops, to hand-helds and embedded systems, it is the middleware on many large and even not-so-large enterprises.

One of its most important, as well most frequent, uses is in servers that must handle large number of clients, at high hit rates, with high reliability.

CORBA works behind the scenes in the computer rooms of many of the world's largest websites; ones that you probably use every day. Designed for scalability and fault-tolerance support for these systems. But it's not used just for large applications; specialized versions of CORBA run real-time systems, and small embedded systems. The number of electrons which must pass a point in one second to produce a current of one ampere.

The quantity which will deposit. CPE 1. Short for Customer Premise Equipment, a telephony term. On digital circuits provided by the telephone company, any terminating hardware owned by the user and not by the Telco telephone company is generically referred to as CPE. Any equipment, such as telephones, computers, printers, video equipment or other items, that a user can connect to a network. The key thought is that it is possible for the user to do it himself on his location.

CPI 1. Short for Characters Per Inch, a printing term. It is the number of characters that will print within one horizontal inch. Also known as Pitch. This can only be predictably calculated with non-proportional fixed spaced fonts where the horizontal space that each character uses is of equal proportion. CPL 1. Short for Characters Per Line, a printing term.

It is the number of characters that will fit on a single horizontal line. See CPI. A CPLD typically contains from tens to a few hundred macrocells. A group of eight to 16 macrocells is typically grouped together into a larger function block.

The macrocells within a function block are usually fully connected. If a device contains multiple function blocks, then the function blocks are further interconnected.

Not all CPLDs are fully connected between function blocks. This is vendor and family specific. The designer must verify the programming logic. Typically, each logic block contains 4 to 16 macrocells, depending on the architecture. CPS 1. Short for Characters Per Second, a printing term. It is the rate at which characters will print to media. There are also many proprietary CPUs in special interest equipment. The main silicon chip that runs a computer's operating system and application software.

It performs a computer's essential mathematical functions and controls essential operations. A malicious hacker who breaks or cracks the security of computer systems in order to access, steal, or destroy sensitive information.

See also hacker. A Southern computer person. See an example here of one's work. A Southern red-neck. Once a cracker, always a cracker! Good thing Polly was a Southern Belle. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check, a simple checksum used for detecting errors in data files, programs and data flow. Credit card memory features a small form factor and is named for its similarity to the size, shape and general appearance of a credit card.

This is a term that all computer companies approach but none are really good at accomplishing. Since computers are virtually antiquated every 18 months as of , you would think that computer companies would make an effort to turn customers into relationships that would continue to purchase from them. Take the situation of Compaq and the Digital acquisition. Compaq did virtually everything it could to alienate the DEC customers.

Why did they buy the company and then run it into the ground? Who knows the answer to that but it has been the history in large acquisitions and mergers. Will HP do the same or will they value the customer base they acquire? Time will tell.

It has the same function as a batch file except the execution order is based on the system clock. It is normally used for sys admin commands, like makewhatis, which builds a search database for the man -k command, or for running a backup script, but can be used for anything.

A common server use is automated response programs, often called time reminders. A common workstation use for it today is connecting to the Internet and downloading E-Mail or user group listings. A computer program that translates machine language code so that it can be read by a different type of CPU.

An assembly line worker that is not very happy. See also upload and download. A serial cable to attach a monitor to a port on most minicomputers connects pin 2 on one end to pin 3 on the other. Transmit talks to receive and receive talks to transmit. However the ground on pin 7 connects to pin 7 at both ends as does the handshake on pin Gratuitous cross-posting is considered poor Netiquette.

Crosstalk makes it hard to hear just the intended signal, as there are multiple conversations on the line at once. See static or noise. CRTs are for all practical purposes, picture tubes. However, the term CRT has become the often used term for a computer station or monitor. A number-cruncher, for example, is a routine or device optimized for and dedicated to processing numbers. One of the most popular Internet encryption schemes is PGP. This technology is used in schemes dedicated to the safe transfer of credit card numbers on E-Commerce sites.

A synonym for really nice people! The generic name for this sort of event is a collision. This standard enables network enabled devices to detect a collision. After detecting a collision has occured, a device waits a random delay time and then attempts to transmit the message a second time.

If the device detects another collision, it waits twice as long as the previous delay to try to transmit the message another time. This process is known in the industry as exponential back off. With CSS, designers and users can create style sheets that define how different elements, such as headers and links, appear.

These style sheets can then be applied to any Web page. The term cascading derives from the fact that multiple style sheets can be applied to the same Web page. CSS was developed by the W3C. The specification is still evolving but is fully or nearly fully supported by any current Web browsers including what we support, Microsoft's IE 5.

The first proposal was made in mid CSTN A particular form of video technology that is found in portable, laptop and hand held devices. The original CSTN displays developed in the early 90's suffered from slow response times and ghosting. Recent advances in the technology, however, have made CSTN a viable alternative to active-matrix displays.

New CSTN displays offer ms response times, a degree viewing angle, and high-quality color rivaling TFT displays, all at about half the cost. See DSTN. CSU 1. The device is most often used in real time control work. The first device encountered by a T1 line entering a facility.

It protects the equipment beyond it from damage due to disturbances on the T1 line and regenerates the T1 signal to meet T1 specifications. The serial handshake line at the computer usually connected to the RTS Ready To Send input line of a printer's interface.

It also allows multiple people to tie into the same video-conference. An original NeXT computer. The motherboard and drives for this machine are packed into a inch matte black cube.

See anchor! A number to the third power. See AMP. Typical current flow direction in a DC circuit is from negative to positive. The text will now be in the new locations. This is similar in operation to copy and paste. The frequency either above which or below which the output of a circuit, such as a line, amplifier, or filter, is reduced to a specified level. The frequency below which a radio wave fails to penetrate a layer of the ionosphere at the incidence angle required for transmission between two specified points by reflection from the layer.

The person you step on while going up, you will no doubt see on your way down! CyberJockey A volunteer who works in the Internet Connection or similar named area, answering questions primarily to new users about the Internet side of the ISP services. A subgenre of science fiction inspired by William Gibson's novel "Neuromancer".

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